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¶ … children cannot help but notice about certain unusual behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and physical traits and wonder if they are "normal." The puzzle of human development has been a popular area of study and, as a result, there is a wealth of theories striving to understand the many twists and turns of maturation. Erik Erikson, a developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst; Jean Piaget, a Swiss biologist and Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist, put forth three of the most well-known theories on aspects of human development.
Erikson believed humans went through eight distinct physical and emotional developmental periods called "psychosocial stages." In each stage Erikson proposed that humans confront a task or dilemma and that their ability to address each challenge would further define their personality and abilities. The stages correspond to specific physical stages and are as follows: Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy), Autonomy vs. Shame (toddler), Initiative vs. Guilt (preschool), Industry vs. Inferiority (elementary), Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence), Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood), Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle age) and Integrity vs. Despair (retirement) (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2002). Psychologists today say Erikson's theory is not accurate, particularly...
Another criticism is that Erikson based his theory on his observations of men and that women tend to focus on intimacy earlier in their lives, often during or even a little bit before adolescence (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2002). However, Erikson's theory provides a general understanding of the stages most people go through during maturation.
Piaget, like Erikson, also believed that people went through developmental stages. Piaget focused on cognitive development and identified only four stages: Sensorimotor (birth until two-years-old), Preoperational stage (two until seven-years-old), Concrete Operations stage (seven until 12-years-old), and Formal Operations stage (12 through adulthood) (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2002). At each stage Piaget believed children thought and reasoned very differently and by noting the developments and limitations of each stage parents and teachers would be more successful in helping a child reach his or her optimal intelligence and ability. Piaget believed more in providing children with rich learning experiences and allowing them to explore these experiences independently. Piaget's theories inspired many changes in the way children are educated to allow for more…
Erickson, E.H. (1972). Eight ages of man. In C.S. Lavatelli & F. Stendler (Eds.), Readings to child behavior and child development. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Piaget, J. (1929). The child's concept of the world. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
Vygotsky, L.S. (1997). Educational psychology. Boca Raton, FL: St. Lucie Press
Children and Television Over time, television has become a must have household item/electronic for most American households. Today, unlike several decades ago, a television viewer has a wide range of channels to choose from. However, the ever increasing relevance of the television set has not come without criticism. In most cases, the criticism that has been leveled against television viewing has largely been founded on the impact it has on its
The game further progressed to shooting each other off the top of the jeep with their fingers as they yelled "bang" This game certainly showed some of the more aggressive sides of all the boys. The fact that the boys stuck with it and turned it into a more violent game would indicate some issues of gender difference as well. The game continued to evolve until another boy got knocked
Department of human services. (2012).What are the effects of child abuse? Retrieved June 1, 2013 from http://www.dhs.vic.gov.au/for-individuals/children,-families-and-young-people/child-protection/about-child-abuse/what-is-child-abuse/who-is-likely-to-be-abused-and-what-are-the-effects It identifies effects such as emotional, physical and psychological problems as well as trauma. The various forms of abuse lead to emotional problems to the child particularly distrust and low self-esteem when they are adults. The children who have been abused are also depicted to be aggressive or self-destructive, they are also more likely
Child Clinical Intervention Part I Child Abuse Physical abuse of children occurs throughout every social strata, although there may be an increased incidence among those living in poverty. Abuse often occurs at moments of great stress, and the perpetrator strikes out in anger at the child. The perpetrator may also have been abused as a child and may have poor impulse control. Because of the relative size and strength difference between adults
" However surprisingly, there have been arguments for pornography and have stated that it encourages experimentation with new media and any act to censor it would go against the First Amendment which has not only intellectual, moral, political, and artistic value, but practical and economic value as well. It is believed that the First Amendment supports accepting adults, unrestrained by censorship, to search for innovative ways to use new media and
Parents, of course, will each raise their children a certain way, based on what they believe to be right and wrong. By observing a child at play, it is sometimes possible to get an idea of the parenting styles of that child's mother and/or father. For the child observed by this paper, there was the possibility that she had been the product of a particular kind of raising. Her