Bee Behavior Bees are flying insects that perform an important role in pollination of plants, as well as the production of honey and beeswax. There are over 20,000 species of bees in nine families, but classified as Anthophila. Bees are found in every continent except Antarctica, and have adapted for the feeding on nectar and pollen as a high-level energy source, with pollen being used as food for larvae in the developing honeycomb (Savage, 2008). In each specific environment, there are different types of flowers that appear seasonally with varying colors and sizes. Since bees have adapted to nearly every contemporary environment, it is important to understand what evolutionary mechanisms are used by flowers to attract bees. This is both a learning issue and evolutionary adaptation, since the more certain flowers are pollinated, the more that specific color and adaptation will have in seeding and promulgating. For this study, we will ask if the size or color of a flower will influence bee visitation and theoretically pollination.

Background

Bees have a long tongue (proboscis) that is complex and flexible, adapting to seeking nectar from many different types of plants. Bees, like ants, are a specialized form of wasps, and typically live in eusocial groups (honeybees, bumblebees, etc.). There is a clear hierarchy and division of labor in the bee colony, with the honeybee among the most complex. Eggs are laid singly in a wax honeycomb and fed with royal jelly or honey and pollen; a larvae solely fed by royal jelly develops into a queen. Young worker bees clean the hive and feed the larvae; worker bees cooperate to find food and use a "dance" to communicate the location of new flowers. Swarms -- or a mated queen and a contingent of worker bees establish Colonies. Male bees, or drones, die right after mating (Engle & Grimaldi, 2005)

Literature Review

Bees are the major pollinator...

They focus on gathering either nectar or pollen depending on demand, time of year, and the needs of the hive. Bees that gather nectar may also accomplish pollination, but bees that are focused on gathering pollen are more efficient pollinators. About 1/3 of the human food supply directly depends on insect pollination, most by bees. Issues with environmental toxins and monoculture have caused a decline in bees (both wild and domesticated), causing beekeepers to become migratory so the bees can be used seasonally in high-demand areas (Wilson, 2004).
While a vital part of the ecosystem, pollination may also be dangerous. Other insects and spiders hide in flowers to capture bees; birds eat bees, and insecticides kill bees and contaminate the food supply. This causes stress on the hive, since the Queen must lay 2000 eggs per day during the spring and 1000-1500 during the foraging season to replace daily casualties. Bees are not equal in their efficiency, and it appears that certain colorations, shapes and "tastes" have a higher degree of pollination value than others. It appears that bees see more contrasts in color, and also use color as a way to memorize location. Brightness is not likely too much of a determinant, but hue and intensity seem to be important (Backhaus, W., et al., 1987). It also appears that bees "learn" over time which colors are better for pollen, which for nectar, and which should be avoided based on predation, quality of pollen, or proximity to poisons, etc. (Gumbert, 2000).

Hypothesis

A -- Color -- With equal concentrations of sugar and the same size floral cut out with different colors, most bees will visit one color of flower over the others.

B -- Size -- With equal concentrations of sugar in the nectar and the same color of a floral cut-out, the number of visits by the bee will be the same, despite…