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For example, the conflict in former Yugoslavia is often studied as a case of ethnic conflict, and the Serbian atrocities against Bosnians is usually described as "ethnic cleansing." But Serbs, Croatians, and Bosnians "are all South Slavs, sharing a common ethnic origin and speaking basically the same language: Serbocroatian" (Perlmutter). Serbs and Croatians share the same religion as well (with different denominations), while Bosnians, with the exception of their Muslim identity, have experienced a shared history with the other two. And all three are former Communists. Nevertheless, all three groups have identified themselves as different ethnicities during the conflict in the 1990s.
Dominique Moisi (2007) argues that, in addition to the problem of clash of civilizations, the world today faces a clash of emotions. There is a culture of fear, displayed by the West, of foreign nationals, of losing the identity in a complex world, of losing their economic power, and of being ruled by foreigners (the latter, in the case of Europe). "What unites all these fears," Moisi argues, "is a sense of loss of control over one's territory, security, and identity -- in short, one's destiny." While...
The second emotion is a sense of humiliation, displayed by Arab and Muslim peoples. Arabs feel humiliated by contrasting their present sad conditions either with their view of golden past or the developed and prosperous West. Between the emotion of fear and the emotion of humiliation, there is a by-stander: Asia with its emotion of hope. The spectacular postwar recoveries of Japan and South Korea, and the recent developments of China and India offer enormous hope for Asians. Moisi also argues that the West needs to recognize the existence of threat emanating from the emotion of humility by Arab and Muslim countries, and needs to take measures to eliminate the threat by "instilling a sufficient sense of hope and progress in Muslim societies so that despair and anger do not send the masses into the radicals' arms" (Moisi).
Works Cited
Moisi, Dominique. "The Clash of Emotions." Foreign Affairs 81.6 (2007).
Psalidas-Perlmutter, Foulie. "The Interplay of Myths and Realities." Orbis 44.2 (2000): 237.
Works Cited
Moisi, Dominique. "The Clash of Emotions." Foreign Affairs 81.6 (2007).
Psalidas-Perlmutter, Foulie. "The Interplay of Myths and Realities." Orbis 44.2 (2000): 237.
Nationalism & Ethnic Conflict Nationalism and the Modern Nation State: Two Critical Readings In Umut Ozkirimli's work, entitled Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction, the author attempts to come to grips with the idea of how ethnicity functions in the construction of modern nation states. In early, primordial history, nationality and nationhood could be taken as virtually synonymous. However, with the increasingly complex global and geo-political reality, ethnicity has become one of
Hence, his plan here was not even based upon the assumption of ethnic plurality, but simply upon his own hunger for territorial power. Franjo Tudjman, equally power hungry, was the elected president of Croatia in 1990. His focus was not ethnic plurality. Rather, his aim was to establish a Croatian state for Croatians, without providing any minority rights to other citizens. For this reason, his focus on Bosnia was also
Through policies of systematic discrimination and persecution of national minorities, Serb nationalists indirectly strengthened the radical wing of Albanian nationalist movements. The wing was represented by KSA (Kosovo Liberation Army). Most of the KSA leadership, Hedges writes, has formerly been imprisoned for separatist activities, and many were imprisoned by the Tito's communist government. The KSA's ideological base, Hedges writes, comes from a bizarre mixture of fascist and communist factions.
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Figueiredo posits that ambiguity regarding the leader's intentions is the key factor which determines whether a leaders is successful in inciting and ethnic group to violence. Leaders who are "Gambling for Ressurrection" are unpopular leaders who have little to lose and much to gain by inciting conflict. However, Figueiredo astutely notes that unpopular leaders often hold little credibility among the citizenry, especially when the leaders are asking them to bear
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