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private) activities created an unlimited power of moral and ethical censorship that transcended all boundaries (p 258)."
Human Rights Watch (2008). Human Rights Watch World Report 2008. Human Rights
Watch, New York, NY.
This report will contribute the study being conducted here with regard to statistical information. Other insights into how modern technology is being used by the Chinese people to reach out to other cultures and to send news of important events in China, but how efforts to do that are being censored by the Chinese government. Reports of cell phones being confiscated in order to prevent workers from broadcasting industrial accidents, and other such severe actions are being taken by the Chinese to prevent two way communications between Chinese citizens and people of other countries in an effort to censor the information exchange. For this reason, this report will be useful to the overall understanding of censorship in China.
Mackey, Sandra (2002). The Saudis: Inside the Desert Kingdom W.W. Norton and Company, New York, NY.
Mackey's book on the Saudi Kingdom provides the insight into understanding the cultural dimensions of the world in which their people live, and the extent to which they are, or are not, aware of the censorship under which they labor as a people. Mackey explains:
"Censorship of foreign materials is managed by manual labor. Saudi Arabia employs hundreds of manual laborers from the Third World and arms them with brushes and ink pots to black out ads for alcohol or pictures of scantily clad women in imported magazines . . . To stop the dissemination of objectionable stories, armies of laborers are mobilized to slash and tear publications, page by page (p 256)."
This would suggest that the Saudis are well equipped to deal with censorship, but how do they deal with internet security and censorship? This is one of the questions that this study will seek to gain information on from Mackey's work. Mackey discusses the expanding world community, the encroaching world community...
It helps provoke thought from that perspective, and will serve to broaden the discussion of this study as it relates to China and Muslim countries too.
MacKinnon, Rebecca (2006). China -- Race to the Bottom: Corporate Complicity in Chinese Internet Censorship.
MacKinnon examines corporate ethics as they are compromised by Chinese censorship laws, broadening the discussion began by Howard and Korver. MacKinnion provides a laundry list of recommendations (p 85) that would bring China into compliance with western standards of free information exchange and flow; but is that a feasible recommendation for China and its governance of its people?
MacKinnon's ideas, data, and arguments will be considered in conjunction with those of Howard and Korver, and provide a basis for analysis from the perspective of this study's objectives.
Parsons, June Jamrich and Oja, Dan (2008). New Perspectives on Computer Concepts 11
Edition. Course Technology, Boston, MA.
Parsons and Oja look at the world of internet security, free speech, and web technology, and these are areas of understanding tangential to the research being conducted for this study. The work of these authors will help provide parameters for considering the technology vs. The censorship in China and in Saudi Arabia. It will contribute to answering the question: Is there any real censorship with the internet today?
Each of the works mentioned here can contribute to the research topic of this study. Other sources, especially those providing a greater, wider breadth of statistical data will be included to the extent that such works are available. The availability of this kind of data might be one of the weaknesses of this study, and that was expected, albeit to an unknown degree, which is the reason that the direction of this study is a qualitative one.
Internet Censorship The internet came to prominence as a tool and pursuit of the masses starting in the early 1990's. The capabilities, depth and breadth of what the internet has to offer have increased exponentially over the ensuing two decades. Such expansion has greatly eased the spread of information (Palfrey, 2010). The ease in which people communicate and disseminate information has created a cause for concern among many different parties that
Internet censorship could also result in job losses since a court order may compel online search engines in America to block results or domain names. This could contribute to the instant death of some companies, particularly those with limited resources to fight potential legal cases. In addition, concerns have also been raised regarding the possibility of Internet censorship to weaken the protection provided by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act that
Internet Censorship One of the most publicized debates or controversial issues in the recent past is whether information on the Internet should be censored. The controversy associated with the issue is centered on whether the censorship is necessary towards the maintenance of a specific ethical standard in the society. Controversies regarding Internet censorship have also been fueled by the development and enactment of certain legislation that seeks to censor information on
' Purchasing agents can place orders, gather information, and communicate with different organizations from any place at any time" (Martin & Hafer, p. 41). Following the introduction of the Internet, many purchasing departments and purchasing representatives were better able to engage in direct communications, order taking and fulfillment as well as the provision of technical support with their business counterparts abroad (Martin & Hafer, 2002). These authors add that, "The
Internet Privacy for High School Students The unrestrained stream of information is conceived necessary for democracies and market-based economies. The capability of the Internet to make available the vast quantity of information to practically everyone, irrespective of their locations thus entails large benefits. The Internet provides access to the greatest libraries of the world to the students even in the smallest towns and permit the medical specialists to analyze the patients
Internet and Democracy In one sense, computers and the Internet are just a continuation of the communications revolution, starting with the printing press then continuing with the telegraph, telephone, motion pictures, radio and television. Could this be leading to a more fundamental change in history on the same level as the agricultural and industrial revolutions? This is a more problematic proposition. Of course, the idea of a post-industrial economy based on