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M8D1: HSE and Criminal Justice: Critical Issues
Communication and education are critical issues in the field of homeland security. That is why we have identified inter-agency cooperation as one of our key issues of concern: namely, the need for different law enforcement agencies to share intelligence with one another. Related to communication are issues pertaining to education, including the education of communities and first responders about how best to respond to security issues and how to share information in digital formats. Another issue also related to education is the need to strike a balance between the civil liberties of suspects and the security of the community.
Coordination between civil and military agencies
Sylves, R.T. (2009). Civil-military relations in emergency management. Public Manager, 38(3),
75-79.
According to this article, there has been increased coordination between civilian and military law enforcement agencies in recent years. "Few appreciate how dramatic the latest penetration of military and national security matters has been in American emergency and public management. There are both positives and negatives associated with ramping up militarization and national security presence in emergency management (Sylves 2009). This article discusses the pros and cons of increased integration of civilian and military operations.
Education of first responders
Hart, S., & Ramsay, J.D. (2011). A guide for homeland security instructors preparing physical critical infrastructure protection courses. Homeland Security Affairs, 7(1)
"Over 350 academic...
In spite of this growth at the program level over the past ten years, there still exists a shortage of instructors and coursework in critical infrastructure protection (CIP)" (Hart & Ramsay 2011). The article discusses the optimal way to train first responders in the field of homeland security.
Incorporating civilians into homeland and community defense
Longstaff, P.H., Armstrong, N.J., Perrin, K., Parker, W.M., & Hidek, M.A. (2010). Building
resilient communities: A preliminary framework for assessment. Homeland Security Affairs, 6(3)
This article provides suggestions for creating more resilient and watchful communities that can spot and respond to security threats. Plans for bolstering civilian defenses on an "ecological, economic, physical infrastructure, civil society, and governance" level are discussed (Longstaff et al. 2010).
Digitalization of information in the field of criminal justice education
Tunnell, Harry D. (2013). Homeland security information representation: A case for standardization. Journal of Homeland Security Education, 2, 36-43
According to this article, "homeland security is such a new discipline, however, that it does not have a large body of organized, domain-specific, public digital material. Consequently, educators and students will have to rely on resources from other specialties until the homeland security discipline matures enough to develop adequate discipline-specific, publically available digital sources" (Tunnell 2013). The…
Training in all-hazards responses or "grouping classification encompassing all conditions, environmental or manmade, that have the potential to cause injury, illness, or death; damage to or loss of equipment, infrastructure services, or property; or alternatively causing functional degradation to social, economic, or environmental aspects" is an effective and efficient way to ensure that all law enforcement and safety management agencies are capable of being responsive to a wide variety of potential threats to citizens' security in a comprehensive fashion, regardless of what threats may be posed in the future (Hart & Ramsey 2001)
Commensurate with improved education is improved intelligence-sharing. Once there is greater trust between agencies and more unified training methods and a shared perspective on the issue of homeland security, there will be greater willingness to break down institutional barriers regarding this issue and engage in constant dialogue. Digital sharing of information and resources can be facilitated, particularly as the issue of homeland security becomes addressed in a more expansive way by security experts at every level of government. Innovative solutions to security concerns are not limited to arising only in the upper echelons of government. Local law enforcement agencies often have a unique perspective which can enhance early detection because of their advantageous location.
As well as training existing law enforcement personnel, it is important to have an eye upon the future. With this in mind, improving the training and qualifications of new law enforcement agents who specialize in homeland
They have also provided intelligent analysis to state, federal and local law enforcers promoting competency and improved support missions in and out of the United States. Navy and marine corps have participated in multi- service working groups to ensure to update and produce multi- service CBRNE defense. CBRNE is also incorporated into air command, where the training is incorporated into courses; the instruction in the course includes instructions addressing the
According to the Congressman, there is a basic lack of interoperability across more than 80% of the United States' first responders. They are not able to communicate with each other, and are therefore also not able to launch adequate rescue operations, particularly during times of large-scale emergencies. According to the report, it was found that at least 121 of the 343 fire fighters who died could have been saved had
Emergency Management (Mitigation) Policy analysis and assessment Emergency management policy has undergone change historically and these changes have been disaster driven and administration dependent. Early History of Emergency Management A Congressional Act was passed in 1803 to make the provision of financial assistance to a town in New Hampshire that had been devastated by fire. This is the first involvement of the Federal government in a local disaster. In the 1930s the Reconstruction
S. DHS "Strategic Plan," 2008, http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/strategicplan/) Realistically acts of terrorism, domestic or foreign are exceedingly rare, though slightly more common than they have been in the past and at least marginally more violent in nature, they occur very, very rarely. (Lewis, 2000, p. 201) Though maintaining serious preparedness the mitigation of natural disasters, most which cannot be avoided is an issue needed to be addressed almost yearly, on both small
On the other hand, the Department in itself was projected to deal with a large number of aspects surrounding homeland security. The arguments supporting the idea were focused on the principle that the citizens must be protected from foreign threats, such as terrorism, and they must be given the help needed to face the treacheries of nature. In aiming to accomplish the latter, the Federal Emergency Management Directorate was established.
The challenge for local and state homeland security planning lies with the top-down nature of disaster response and relief and the technologies that are needed in order for adequate response to become possible. As authors Schafer, Carroll, Haynes, and Abrams (2008) write, "Emergencies often have causes and effects that are global. However, emergencies are also inherently local: They occur in a particular place and point in time. While it is critical