Included as well are other numerous products. Economic distance is derived through wealth differences and distance in economics results in a decrease in trade. Linguistic distance is the most severe in the range of distance impacts with second in sensitivity being administrative distance followed by geographic and then finally economic distance being the less in the range of sensitivity to impact on product because of existing distance. Distance is often created by the target country government and resulting is a raising of "barriers to foreign competition." (Ghemawat, 2001) the factors that arise from these barriers include "...tariffs, trade quotas, restrictions on foreign direct investment and preferences for domestic competitors in the form of subsidies and favoritism in regulation and procurement." (Ghemawat, 2001) Measurement criteria is stated as the following:

1) the company is a large employer;

2) the company is seen as a national champion;

3) the measures of protection are required and vital to national security;

4) the company produces staples;

5) the company is a producer of 'entitlement' services or goods;

6) the company exploits resources that are natural;

7) the company is in an industry that makes requirements of "large, geography-specific sun investments" (example: oil). (Ghemawat, 2001)

SUMMARY & CONCLUSION

There are four basic dimensions of distance related in the work of Ghemawat (2001) including cultural, administrative, geographic and economic dimensions. The severity of the distance in cultural linguistic terms is much more severe than are economic conditions with administrative and geographic distances falling in the midrange of the ranges of distance severities. The work of Boerner (2008) reiterates these dimensions that exist and which are more distance dimensions than merely geographical distances existing between companies. These distances affect decision-making in the company. These four dimensions are referred to as the 'CAGE' model and is one in which these various dimensions, factors of those dimensions, and the result due to distance factors are identified. The work of Frankel and Rose as stated in the work of Ghemawat (2001) sets out distance attributes and percentage change in international trade between countries due to the attributes that are listed. Attributes of cultural distance...

Linguistic and cultural differences have an effect on products and companies due to linguistic content that is high such as in television and radio advertising and this is only one example. Difficulties in trade arise due to distance in administrative method of countries and this affects electricity, drugs, farming as well as other industries. Geographical distance is less in severity than are the first two and often involves consideration of perishable products and makes communications and connectivity vitally important. Economic distance is the lesser in the range of severity and includes differences in both costs and quality of natural resources, financial resources, human resources, infrastructure, intermediate inputs and information or knowledge according to Ghemawat (2001) Impacts that arise from economic distance includes the variation of the nature of demand along with variation in levels of income as well as economies of standardization being considered important with labor costs being salient and distributions systems that are different requiring that companies are agile and responsive in order to be competitive internationally.
Bibliography

Boerner, Beatrice Barbara (2008) Flat or Not: World Economies, Here Comes Business! Oxford Business & Economics Conference Program. Online available at http://www.gcbe.us/2008_OBEC/data/Beatrice%20Barbara%20Boerner.doc

Ghemawat, Pankaj (2001) Distance Still Matters: The Hard Reality of Global Expansion. Sept 2001. The Tool Kit.

Lavie, Dovev; and Miller, Stewart (nd) the Performance Implications of Alliance Portfolio Internationalization Learning within and Across Organizational Boundaries.

International Supply Chain Management

Ghemawat, Pankaj (2001) Distance Still Matters: The Hard Reality of Global Expansion. Sept 2001. The Tool Kit.

Lavie, Dovev; and Miller, Stewart (nd) the Performance Implications of Alliance Portfolio Internationalization Learning within and Across Organizational Boundaries.

Boerner, Beatrice Barbara (2008) Flat or Not: World Economies, Here Comes Business! Oxford Business & Economics Conference Program. Online available at http://www.gcbe.us/2008_OBEC/data/Beatrice%20Barbara%20Boerner.doc

Ghemawat, Pankaj (2001) Distance Still…