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This information was obtained from the facilities giving dialysis and it was for the first two months only. The study excluded darbepoetin doses as it had only been administered to a few patients. Inpatient EPO doses were not easily determinable as they are not billed differently to Medicare. The use of outpatient EPO only may be underestimating the total use of the medication. The cohort dealt with the biasness by determining the amount of time a patient stayed in hospital. The calculations on the average dose of EPO for every patient per day was by adding the total dose for a whole month then separating it by the number of days of outpatient then multiplying by 30 to get the total of a calendar month. According to the medical reports the study used the right amount of doses. The study was not randomized as it was aimed towards the African-American population. The statistics were right as they compared the characteristics of the baseline by using two tests for categorical variables and n tests for continuous ones; this shows that the study was not randomized.
Results
The study group is of 40,942 patients of 67 years of age who were on hemodialysis. The race of an individual as well as their age, weight and BMI and access type affected the results of the dialysis. The results were clearly stated. Due to distortion in the distribution of EPO doses, the study removed 0.25% of patients on equally parts of the mean. The present participants...
The p values were available in the statistics of ratios.
Discussion
The studies showed that African-Americans need more medication on the ESA dose to get the same results as the white. It is mainly due to concentrations of hemoglobin that are lower in the African-Americans. This means that the African-Americans pay more for the dialysis procedure than the whites. The study shows that African-Americans need these higher doses to attain National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative suggested targets of hemoglobin. It has been established that African-Americans need roughly 11%, which is 2400 more units of EPO compared to whites. The study also revealed the lack of medical cover by patients, as well.
Conclusion
This journal comprises of a revolutionary study that suggests that outpatient dialysis therapy should include an adjustment for race. African-American require a higher dosage of erythropoiesis stimulating agents than whites to achieve a proportionate hemoglobin level. The tests were conducted with sample of patients the results were tested with a regression analysis. The findings confirm that African-American patients have a more expensive outpatient dialysis therapy than whites. This implies that CMS have a financial disincentive to treat…
Emergency room usage [...] why African-Americans utilize emergency departments instead of primary doctors. What are the age, gender, and income of the African-Americans that come to E.D? What type of insurance (if any) do they have? Why do they utilize the E.D. (chronic conditions vs. acute conditions)? How is the health system viewed by the African-Americans and what if anything is being done to change and/or correct their conception?
African-American Heritage & the Amish African-American people traditionally have different communication patterns and family roles than their white counterparts. They are more likely to have families headed by single parents (usually single mothers) and they are also more likely to have poor communication skills and not express their deepest feelings so that they can get help for the family problems they are facing (Franklin & Moss, 2001). Unemployment and underemployment runs
" (Thompson et al., 2000, p. 127) 4. Further research and resources There are many areas of this subject that are in need of more extensive research in order to more adequately deal with the problems involves. One example of this can be seen in the fact that, "Black women are three times more likely than white women to die during pregnancy, and twice as many black babies as white babies die
LEADING CAUSES OF MORBIDITY: Some of the diseases which often result in early death in African-Americans, provided that the go untreated or undiagnosed, include hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, dementia (i.e., Alzheimer's disease), diabetes and certain types of cancer, most notably lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer and prostate cancer (in men). Exactly why the morbidity rates for these disease are so much higher in African-Americans than in other
African-American Culture Culture comes into existence with the development of various beliefs and values shared by people living together. Many cultures take part in shaping and molding the life practices of people and construct a framework, which serves as a guidance in many aspects. A culture is what creates an identity of people, gives them a name to be known by people and delivers the characteristics solely attributed to that specific
African-American Women in New York State "About 30% of Hispanic and 20% of African-Americans lack a usual source of health care compared with less than 16% of European-Americans" (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2003). "Racial and ethnic disparities in health care, whether in insurance coverage, access, or quality of care, are one of many factors producing inequalities in health status in the United States" (Lillie-Blanton & Lewis, 2005, p. 1).