The Assessment seems to view Mara in terms of her ongoing addiction that she seems unable to liberate herself from (first from drugs, now from cigarettes). Behavioral model -- an individual consists of behavior; it is behavior rather than thought and emotion that create a person's habits and alter the individual. We see this with Mara where the pleasure of drugs, for instance, reinforced her addiction.

3. Cognitive model -- thoughts determine the individual's actions. Mara attributed responsibility of her failure to drugs. Would she have attributed it to herself, she might have succeeded in high school.

4. Ego psychology model -- a psychodynamic model that made the ego (of the triad: id, ego, superego) the dominant factor. Mara's essay -- placing her ego as the central point - might support that assertion.

5. Object relations model -- Psychodynamic where early experiences are objectified in the child's mind and these experiences often remain. Mara's description of her developmental...

Self-psychology model -- According to Kohut, narcisstic psychopathology is a result of lack of parental empathy during child's development. Mara seems to be focused more on herself than on others.
7. Family systems model - consciousness is made up of various parts or 'sub personalities'. Each part has a positive intent for the persona and tries to protect that person from pain. Despite Mara's evidently ominous state of health, she has optimistic visions of her future.

8. Social model - developed by disabled people in response to the medical model: disability, rather than being attributed to them, is the fault of the society in which they live. Mara blames her parents and upbringing for her disability.

9. Spiritual model - when individuals form a narrative around the disease / negative experience to grant it some form of meaning. Mara's college teacher tells Mara that her experiences have made her more mature.