For example, Leventhal (2001) analyzed different intervention methodology and implementation of home-based services aimed at preventing abuse and neglect as well as promoting the health and development of the infant and mother, by specifically looking at the Healthy Families Olds' models. Kass and colleagues (2003) from Fight Crime: Invest in Kids argue that the cycle of violence can be prevented with intervention methods including parenting education. Roberts, Wolman and Harris-Looby (2004, p. 101) state that "teaching students parenting skills may be the most cost-effective way to reduce violent and abusive behaviors and prevent the transfer of violent behaviors from generation to generation." They found that for less than $1,000, Project Baby Care, a parental training program developed for adolescents proved successful in improving parental knowledge and skills and attitudes toward caring for an infant.

Another study (Hughs & Gottlieb, 2004), regarding the effects of the Webster-Stratton parenting program on parenting skills of maltreating mothers and on the autonomy of their children (3-8 years), found treatment mothers demonstrated significant improvement in involvement and marginally significant improvement in autonomy-support, but no improvement in structure. Treatment group children showed no significant improvement in autonomy when compared to control group children.

METHODOLOGY

This paper will be an exploratory research paper on the results of studies on the effectiveness of child parenting on abuse, in relationship to the various educational programs possible. The approach will include insights generated from these studies and the themes emerging from the literature, to build and refine understanding of issues.

FINDINGS

By studying the results thus far of programs, it will provide greater understanding of which way(s) to proceed in future interventions. The results will be provided in narrative form with conclusions and recommendations for future studies. There will also be a review of the CASTLE program in which the author is involved.

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