" (Burczynski & Dorner, 187) Another avenue of screening employs developing microscopic patterning technology called DNA microarray technologies in order to view certain characteristics of an individual's genetic makeup and health scenario. As Rushmore & Kong (2002) report, "advances in DNA microarray technologies and mammalian genome sequencing will soon allow quantitative assessment of expression profiles of all genes in the selected tissues." (Rushmore & Kong, 481)

This is particularly important because it represents opportunities in an area where most pharmacogenomics professionals contend the field must be expanded. At present, the largest focus in terms of application has been identifying single polymorphous cells for evaluation with respect to certain drug response likelihoods and tendencies. Naturally, the human genome is an incredibly complex chemical equation rendered by a set of permutations that is, for all intents and purposes, infinite. Therefore, the degree to which pharmacogenomics actually succeeds at improving treatment outcomes will hinge upon the ability of researchers to draw connections between a variance of permutations and certain drug responses. Accordingly, Evans & Relling1 (2004) denote that the field is at this juncture reaching an inflection point where a growth of ambition is necessary to achieve the safety and health outcomes intended. Their article denotes that "many of the genes examined in early studies were linked to highly penetrant, single-gene traits, but future advances hinge on the more difficult challenge of elucidating multi-gene determinants of drug response." (Evans & Relling1, 464)

The achievement of such outcomes depends on a continuation of the work that helped to make the Human Genome Project a success and which have contributed to the myriad avenues of innovation and exploration fueled thereby. Most particularly, the collaboration which saw commercial, scientific and medical fields coalescing to the single goal of making Western drug-based treatment programs exponentially more effective and safer must continue to be enjoyed. The federal government in the United States will also play a significant role on how well this is accomplished. As the online article by Bates et al. (2005) would indicate, "regulatory policies implemented by the FDA may directly impact the availability and accessibility of data by creating incentives or disincentives for example to share data or to collect certain types of...

However, there is also an indication that screening methods must be continually refined, research continually pushed forward and all interested parties dedicating themselves to a process of innovation and application that is socially, commercially, politically and medically responsible.
Works Cited:

Bates, D.; Phillips, K.; Alldredge, B.; Issa, a. & Huskamp, H. (2005). Can Pharmacogenomics Improve Drug Safety? NLM Gateway. Online at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/ma?f=103623628.html

Burczynski, M.E. & Dorner, a.J. (2006). Transcriptional profiling of peripheral blood cells in clinical pharmacogenomic studies. Pharmacogenomics, 7(2), 187-202.

Evans, W.E. & McLeod, H.L. (2003). Pharmacogenomics -- Drug Disposition, Drug Targets, and Side Effects. Drug Therapy, 348, 538-549.

Evans, W.E. & Relling, M.V. (1999). Pharmacogenomics: Translating Functional Genomics Into Rational Therapeutics. Science, 286(5439), 487-491.

Evans, W.E. & Relling, M.V1. (2004). Moving Towards Individualized Medicine With Pharmacogenomics. Nature, 429, 424-468.

March, R. (2000). Pharmacogenomics: The Genomics of Drug Response. Yeast, 17, 16-21.

McCarthy, J.J. & Hillfiker, R. (2000). The Use of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Maps in Pharmacogenomics. Nature Biotechnology, 18, 505-508.

Phillips, K.A.; Veenstra, D.L.; Oren, E.; Lee, J.K. & Sadee, W. (2001). Potential Role of Pharmacogenomics in Reducing Adverse Drug Reactions. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 286(18), 2270-2279.

Rose, N.S. (2006). The Politics of Life Itself. Princeton University Press.

Rushmore, T.H. & Kong, a.N. (2002). Pharmacogenomics, regulation and signaling pathways of phase I and II drug metabolizing enzymes. Current Drug Metabolism, 3(5), 481-490.

Salerno, R.A. & Lesko, L.J. (2004). Pharmacogenomics in Drug Development and Regulatory Decision-making: the Genomic Data Submission (GDS) Proposal. Pharmacogenomics, 5(1), 25-30.

U.S. Department of Energy (USDoE). (2008). Pharmacogenomics. Human Genome Project.