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Specific Application of Negative Reinforcement:
Dorothy could also use negative reinforcement to encourage her mother's effort at becoming more independent. For example, if Dorothy's mother strongly dislikes the type of music that Dorothy listens to at home, Dorothy could immediately turn off her music to reward her mother for every instance in which she came downstairs from her bedroom.
Just as in the case of positive reinforcement, the removal of a stimulus perceived by the subject as unpleasant, (such as rock music), this form of negative reward would work whether or not Dorothy provided the reward in conjunction with and explicit acknowledging that it was a specific reward for her mother's efforts.
Likewise, just as in the case of positive reward, the negative reward would probably work much faster if Dorothy does acknowledge that her extra consideration of her mother's likes and dislikes corresponds directly to her appreciating her mother's effort to comply with Dorothy's request that she spend less time in her bedroom.
On the other hand, there may also be a downside to explicit awareness of the relationship between the desired behavior and reward on the part of the subject that may have to be considered when choosing whether...
Depending on other factors, such as her temperament and relationship with Dorothy, her mother could refuse to cooperate as a result of Dorothy's disclosing the reward system. To the extent that is a concern, Dorothy might prefer to achieve slower results by never acknowledging the system if the alternative is likely to be insulting her mother or inspiring reduced compliance instead of behavioral improvement on her mother's part. Conclusion:
Reinforcement is a powerful operant conditioning tool for shaping desired conduct in subjects. Both positive reward and negative rewards achieve similar results, primarily because, from the perspective of the subject, both are perceived as desirable changes. Positive reward consists of providing a stimulus appreciated by the subject, while negative reward consists of removing or decreasing a stimulus perceived by the subject as unpleasant. Both forms of reward are more successful in conjunction with awareness of the subject, but that awareness also has the capacity to undermine the goal of the reward where that understanding contributes to resentment or perceived insult.
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However, they should also know what aspects of they reveal are confidential. An adolescent should know if he or she says that he 'hates his parents' that the therapist does not have a responsibility to 'tattle' to the client's parent, even if the parent is paying for the session 2b. Discuss 2 counseling situations where duty to warn would be necessary. What would be the ethical issues involved: If the