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Respiratory Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Case Study
Description of Case
The study in question was conducted to determine the mechanisms by which inhaled ultrafine particles are further translated to other areas of the body. The researchers related that "Within hours after the respiratory system is exposed to UFPs, the UFPs may appear in many compartments of the body, including the liver, heart, and nervous system" (Geiser, et al., 2005). Since the means by which the particles are distributed is not entirely understood, the researchers determined to discover the specific pathways that particles take after they leave the lungs. Animal subjects (namely laboratory rats) were used to conduct the study.
Outline of Mechanisms
The authors studied a variety of mechanisms that could be responsible for the subsequent translation, among which possibilities were endocytosis (Morishita & Engebrecht, 2005) and simple migration of the particles across...
The authors found that no cell process, such as endocytosis, was involved. The porosity of the cell wall and the subcellular nature of the particles were used as a partial explanation of the migration. Thus, the mechanism was said to be entirely physiologically related. No chemical reaction or damage was related to the translation.
Critical Evaluation of Mechanisms
The primary critique that can be developed in this type of experimentation is whether it is efficacious to relate an animal study to one conducted with animals. This particular study was backed by previous human studies which showed the migration of particles, but not the particular mechanism that caused the migration. Also, there have been many studies which have looked into how animal studies can translate to human subjects. One in particular done by Sena, et al. (2010), related that there have been…
References
Delfino, R.J., Sioutas, C., & Malik, S. (2005). Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between ultrafine particle mass and cardiovascular health. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(8), 934-952.
Geiser, M., Rothen-Rutishauser, B., Kapp, N., Schurch, S., Kreyling, W., Schulz, H., Semmler, M., Hof, V.I., Heyder, J., & Peter, G., 2005. Ultrafine particles cross cellular membranes by nonphagocytic mechanisms in lungs and in cultured cells. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(11), pp. 1555-1565.
Morishita, M., & Engebrecht, G. (2005). End3p-mediated endocytosis is required for spore wall formation in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae. Genetics, 170(4), 1561-1565.
Sena, E.S., van der Worp, H.B., Bath, P.M.W., Howells, D.W., & Macleod, M.R., 2010. Publication bias in reports of animal stroke studies leads to major overstatement of efficacy. PLoS Biology, 8(3).
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