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Social Psychology
Smiling and Head Tilting
Importance in nonverbal communication according to Brazilian study
The Nature of Rapport and Its Nonverbal Correlates
Defining and developing rapport
Nonverbal correlates of rapport
Method for Teaching About Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
Instructional techniques that make use of the Interpersonal Perception Task (IPT)
Instructional uses of the IPT
Evaluation of the IPT as a teaching method
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze three journal articles on nonverbal communication. Specifically, it will contain a written review summarizing what the studies were, and what their findings were.
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
The first journal article profiled a study on head tilting and smiling, and what effect it had on the perception of the person. The importance of this study is two-fold. First, there had been few studies on smiling and the perception of smiling before this study was completed, and most of the studies did not concentrate on different ways of smiling or moving the head. Secondly, this study focused on how these gestures are considered "micropolitical," and so a strong form of nonverbal communication between people. The researchers used four different types of smiles, from none, to a broad smile, and two different head postures, and made slides of each combination, which they showed to a panel of subjects. "The combination of the four levels of facial expression with the two levels of head posture resulted in a total of 8 slides of each stimulus person" (Otta et al. 325). They also used "average" looking people, so the results would not be skewed by a person's attractiveness or appeal.
Ultimately, the researchers discovered that head posture had a "weaker" effect on the viewer than smiling did. What this shows is how powerful nonverbal communication can be, even when first meeting a person. How we perceive their movements...
These clues include how happy the person is, how reliable they are, how sympathetic they are, and how optimistic they are. All these qualities were perceived simply from a photograph, not from a physical meeting with the person. The study concluded that smiling is an extremely important form of nonverbal communication, and it is used universally as a recognizable and pleasing form of nonverbal communication.
Adding a smile resulted generally in a more favorable perception of a stimulus person by this sample of Brazilians, as it has for Chinese, Americans, Germans, Colombians, Thais, and Zambians. Smiling is probably a universal response among human beings. Happiness, generally indicated by smiling, is one of the six basic emotions universally present and understood (Otta et al. 329).
The second article discussed rapport as another important form of nonverbal communication, and how rapport changes as a relationship matures. The authors' note,
Clinicians try to develop it with patients, sales personnel try to use it to make a deal, and new acquaintances try to predict from it the future of a relationship with one another. The concept of rapport is so familiar to psychologists, psychiatrists, counselors, social workers, ministers, managers, and the general public that almost everyone has a rough-and-ready working definition of it (Tickle-Degnen and Rosenthal 285).
They also note rapport is not a personality trait, and must exist between individuals, and there are three essential components that make up rapport, including "mutual attentiveness," "positivity," and "coordination between the participants." Nonverbal communication is essential in these interactions, because these feelings of togetherness and mutual understanding often take place with no verbal communication after the relationship has been established. Early on in relationships, we tend to present ourselves as positively as possible. After rapport is established and…
References
Costanzo, Mark. "Methods and Techniques: A Method for Teaching about Verbal and Nonverbal Communication." Teaching of Psychology 18.4 (1991): 223-226.
Otta, Emma, et al. "The Effect of Smiling and of Head Tilting on Person Perception." Journal of Psychology 128.3 (1994): 323-331.
Tickle-Degnen, Linda, and Robert Rosenthal. "The Nature of Rapport and Its Nonverbal Correlates." Psychological Inquiry 1.4 (1990): 285-293.
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