A behavior resulting from injury or disease behavior resulting from experience behavior resulting from disease or drugs biologically determined behavior

Evidence that learning has occurred is seen in published research studies changes in thinking changes in behavior emotional stability

Change in performance is preceded by bad reviews scientific research the behavior of others change in disposition

If-then statements may also be referred to as principles generalization hypothesis laws

Statements which summarize relationships are restricted to the physical sciences known as hypothesis known as generalization never used in the social sciences

Rules which govern the gathering of information are known as rigid and dogmatic scientific method being flexible

APA rules for research studies

Informed consent is given by the researcher judicial review the American Psychological Association the research subject

Laws are to beliefs as truth is to untruth accuracy is to inaccuracy convictions are to facts are to convictions

Trace conditioning involves

CS beginning and ending before U.S.

US beginning and ending before CS

US and CS overlap

CS and U.S. are presented at the same time

Variations in contiguity and presentation include backtracking conditioning forward conditioning delayed conditioning operant conditioning

According to Pavlov, repeated pairing of CS and U.S. is necessary only with animals is a normal part of acquisition indicates mental impairment is necessary due to forgetting

Contiguity may be described as that which is ongoing, a process the effect of a stimulus that which occurs after a response simultaneous, or near, occurrence of an event reflex may be described as U.S.-UR unit

CS-CR unit

US-CR unit

CS-UR unit

Selective breeding of race horses may be described as capitalism eugenics stimulus discrimination transfer

According to Guthrie, One Shot Learning applies to the intellectually gifted all learners laboratory animals those who receive a particular type of instruction

The best explanation for Movement Produced Stimuli is habitual response reinforcement contiguity

One Shot Learning

Guthrie believed that punishment changes habits due to interruption of the habit behavior modification contiguity

Movement Produced Stimuli

Thorndike's law of effect fits well with the theory of Pavlov

Guthrie

Skinner

Watson

Trying all the keys on a key ring only to find that none fit the lock is an example of insight reinforcement readines trial and error

Shrinking from Aunt Bertha's kiss illustrates the existence of reinforcer an annoyer introspective learning bad manners

Satisfiers and annoyers are associated with which of Thorndike's laws?

A law of readiness law of exercise law of effect law of multiple response

Which of the following does not describe solving a math problem?

A stamping in a connection satisfying state of affairs learning multiple response

Predisposition to act in a given way is a definition of set attention readiness connection

The following concept of Hull is conflict with the "black box" approach to learning.

A input variable output variable intervening variable response amplitude

Intervening variables are mathematically determined educated guesses determined by observation another term for theorems

Operant conditioning compares favorably with which evolutionary concept?

A natural selection the Big Ben theory the law of the jungle species extinction

All of the following are examples of positive reinforcement in a family situation except praise restoring phone privileges an increase in allowance bedtime treat

Negative reinforcement is used to suppress a behavior elicit a response strengthen a behavior eliminate a behavior

On a job sit a whistle blows a 12 noon to indicate lunch break. For the workers the whistle acts as a positive, primary reinforcement positive, generalized reinforcer negative, generalized reinforcer positive, secondary reinforcer

Skinner's concept of shaping is also known as systematic desensitization social learning generalization verbal conditioning

Skinner assumed classical conditioning was in error punishment has no effect on behavior human behavior is lawful laws do not exist in the social sciences

According to Skinner, behaviors emitted are biological stimulus controlled called operants included next time stimulus elicited behavior is referred to by Skinner as an operant respondent mediating variable instrumental act

Operant is to respondent as elicit is to emit stimulus is to response mediate is to intervene act is to react

Which of the following not an example of observational learning?

A imitation modeling instrumental learning social learning

What is "blocked" when blocking occurs is information to be recalled new learning reinforcement biological predispositions

Learning which occurs without the new behavior being reinforced is known as blocking operant conditioning automatic learning autoshaping

Prepotency of a behavior pattern is an explanation for instinctive drift counterconditioning biofeedback blocking

Which of the following bring into question the importance of reinforcement?

This is an example of a conjunctive concept relational concept isolated concept disjunctive concept football field is 100 yards long and approximately 50 feet wide with a goal post at each end. This is an example of a disjunctive concept relational concept conjunctive concept isolated concept
According to Bruner, the central concept of psychology should be genetic structure information processing meaning stimuli.

Referring to a whale as a mammal is an example of coding inferring generalizing discriminating

Which of the following concepts in Piaget's theory relates to logical thought?

A conservation transductive reasoning seriation operation

Piaget's methode clinique refers to his research laboratory interview technique psychotherapeutic technique medical clinic child's desire to be like a sports hero illustrates concept attainment assimilation accommodation intelligence

Piaget refers to an inborn ability as adaptation schema metaphor accommodation

During the sensorimotor stage reflexive schemata are forgotten questioned replaced elaborated

Concern with conservation during the preoperational stage indicates egocentrism environmental sensitivity normal perceptual concern fixation

Which of the following represents correspondence in structure between humans and computers?

A wetware/hardware/software nervous system / software peripherals / brain

Which of the following represents correspondence in function between humans and computers?

A stimuli/keyboard sense organs/software wetware/software cognitive acts/software

Black Box" implies one reaches a dead end controlled environment maze the contents of the mind are unknown

Walking is an example of implicit learning symbolic learning latent learning explicit learning

Which label is the connectionist model not associated with?

A declarative knowledge automatic procedural implicit

Having learned something you can't remember is not possible an example of inadequate storage an example of implicit memory an example of sensory memory

Short-term memory is to long-term memory as attention is to retention unlimited is to limited active is to passive iconic is to echoic

The deepest level of information processing is the orthographic level the semantic level the phonological level the pragmatic level

The grouping of related items of information in order to facilitate storage is referred to as categorization filing chunking bunching

Which of the following has a limited capacity?

A episodic memory explicit memory semantic memory working

Which of the following is synonymous with span of attention?

A sensory memory short-term memory episodic memory nondeclarative memory

Arousal occurs as a result of perception sensation cognition deprivation

Drive reduction involves satisfying needs following instincts the passage of time need deficiency

Those with a high need to achieve attribute low test scores the professor trick questions their own effort difficulty of the material

In any given situation, the best way to reduce cognitive dissonance is compartmentalization attitude change behavior change the one that works

High self-efficacy influences thought and planning persistence and effort blame and criticism hopes and dreams

Stage fright is always helpful is…