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Kinsler defines acoustics as the science of sound: the generation, transmission and reception of energy in the form of vibrational waves in matter. This covers a large range of disciplines and problems, including noise control, vibration and structural acoustics, and underwater acoustics. Underwater acoustics is using acoustic energy to detect objects in the oceans or sea beds - underwater - just like using radar to detect objects in the air. Acoustics systems guide underwater vessels, such as submarines, through ocean depths in the pursuit (Acoustical Society of America 2002).
We know that sound is transmitted in very long distances, even hundreds of miles, through the wave environment, which makes sound a very important tool for both commercial and military purposes. (ASA) Acoustics signals detect the presence and location of commercially useful fish, map the ocean floor to establish the safest paths for supertankers, explore the earth's geological formations and discover oil deposits in the ocean floor. (ASA) These are the basic reasons for advancing this new and very useful branch of acoustics, which is seen as growing in through the next decade in discovering and using the sea to man's full benefit. The study was slowed down since the end of the Cold War.
Propagation means spread, and sound waves propagate by means of alternating compressions and rarefactions, which in turn, are detected by the ears or a receiver as changes in pressure. (Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory 2002). We know that the basic components of a sound wave are amplitude, wavelength, and frequency. Amplitude is proportional to the maximum distance a vibrating particle is displaced from the background environment, while the wavelength is that distance between two successive compressions, or the distance the wave travels in a single cycle of vibration (Pacific). And its frequency is the rate of oscillation of the vibration of the waves particles, such as from high to low and again to high, which is measured in cycles per second or in Hertz (Hz). Increased frequency is perceived by the human ear as a high or higher-pitched sound, and an increased amplitude as a louder sound. (Pacific)....
The average sounds we hear are those with frequencies between 20 and 20,000 Hz. Sounds below 20 Hz are infrasonic, while those above 20,000 Hz are ultrasonic. (Pacific) Vibrations propagate at different speeds: in water, the speed of a sound is approximately 1,500 meters per second; in the air, the speed is approximately 340 meters per second only. Proportionately, a 20-Hz water sound will be 75 meters long while a 20-Hz air sound, only 17 meters long. We know that water and other liquids have lower compressibility, which leads us to assume that a linear method of measurement is sufficient. But the ocean's temperature and salinity vary greatly, leaving no uniform medium for assumptions. Add to this the uncontrollable waves on the ocean's surface and the irregular rocks and non-solid deposits at the bottom of the ocean. It is incorrect to assume that the ocean is homogeneous, therefore, that is, that sound speed is the same everywhere. This is why research is ongoing on the variations of sound as it propagates through the random ocean.
Anything that occupies the volume of the ocean can spread or scatter sound. (Ford 2001) and this is intercepted by a device used in oceanography, called the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler of ADCP. It detects currents according to the volume scattering strength of the sound. Sound speed by scattering from sediments, on the other hand, is determined by the roughness of the surface of the sediment and the density variations and the sediment's sound speed. (Ford). Scattering also occurs near the air and water interface, where both the roughness of the surface and the bubble near the interface may contribute to and determine scattering strength.
A particular acoustic signal is detectable in the ocean depends on a factor of the level of the signal of interest in relation to the background noise level of the ocean. (Pacific). This level of noise in the ocean environment is called ambient noise and is usually expressed as signal to noise ratio or SNR.
Using the SNR, any value greater than 1 means that the signal is detectable above the noise. A number below 1 means that the signal is lost or "buried" in…
Bibliography
Acoustical Society of America, The. Acoustics and You, 2002
Federation of American Scientists (FSA). Underwater Acoustics. Military Analysis
3. Ford, John. An Ocean of Sound: an Exploration of Underwater Acoustics, 2001
4. Kinsler, L. E, et al. What is acoustics? Fundamentals of Acoustics. third edition.
Archaeological Sites in the U.S. Underwater Archaeology This paper examines underwater archaeology in the U.S. The paper discusses excavation techniques, tools and technology and also explores the Clovis theory. The paper also reviews findings at several submerged North American prehistoric archeological sites. Underwater survey and excavation are typically more expensive and logistically more complex than comparable terrestrial projects. Underwater conditions involve more variability from site to site, and even from hour to
Classic Antiquities Stopping Looting of Classic Greek and Roman Underwater Antiquities Sites Cultural artifacts that both describe how a group of people lived and demonstrates the art they contrived is precious to the people who consider themselves present members of that culture or, at the very least, are residents of the nation from which the culture originated. Unfortunately, the removal and sale of these artifacts has a long history, and the trade
This means that the fishing industry today has a responsibility to manage the available resources well, so that the entire industry will not be forced to collapse, and what is an important part of this is that development of the industry can no longer be based on increased catches of fish. (Past, present, and possible future of the fishery industry) For appropriate research on the herring, the New England Fisheries
According to Rear Adm. Henry Ulrich, the director of surface warfare in the office of the chief of naval operations, the United States Navy has set plans to bring anti-submarine warfare, ASW, to the forefront in "a significant way" (Tiron). Demonstrations were planned for January 2004, which would look at off-board active defense in a littoral setting, while a second in May 2004 would examine acoustics and non-acoustics together with
killer whales. It has 6 sources. The following is a brief overview of the biological classification, diet, distribution and social behavior of the mammalian orcinus orca. The research also outlines the factors that are responsible for the decline in orcinus orca population around the world today. Special emphasis has been given to resident orcinus orca to demystify the concept that orcas are lethal to the fishermen and hence should be
D.). Following this period of exploration one must tackle the seismic interpreters with their predictions and drill exploration wells. If these wells are on-shore, then the cost can be modest, but if the prospected reservoir is off-shore in ultra deep water, drilling a well is very expensive and it becomes an interesting strategy game to balance the risk of drilling a dry well against the risk of missing a big cat.