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Byrd does show a distinction in his attitude towards prostitutes and some of the other women with whom he has sexual relationships. This distinction is not based upon faith, but a sense of social propriety and the woman's social class. The fact that Mrs. Crtny was a married woman is the reason he eventually writes to her to terminate their affair. Prostitutes are assumed to be 'there for the taking,' and he does not feel any guilt about corrupting their souls, as they have no husband to offend. But even when involved with a married woman, Byrd only notes that he "neglected" his prayers when indisposed, not when he felt unworthy, just as his reasons for not meeting with various paid women are due to logistics rather than moral compunction.
Byrd had friendly relationships with women, as well as sexual ones: he played cards with Mrs. Lindsay and Mrs. Coatsworth, to divert the former's sore throat.
But only when he has an obligation to a lower-class woman as an employer, to whom he seems to believe he should be a moral example, does Byrd feel guilt. When he has a sexual relationship...
He describes having sex with her in Biblical language, as 'uncleanliness.' However, even after committing uncleanliness with her he says he "slept very well.
" Byrd acknowledges that affairs are morally wrong, but seems to feel less guilty committing them with prostitutes than with his maid.
Byrd's morality is based as much in social conventions and his attitude about how a gentleman should behave to his maid, a married woman, or a prostitute, rather than piety. Even though the early colonists may have embraced formal religious obligations, like daily prayer, their moral negotiations of relationships, including those outside of marriage, were just as unpredictable as our own -- prostitutes were a guilt-free indulgence for Byrd, like going to a play, but Annie was his responsibility, in sickness and in health.
William Byrd, the Secret Diary, 216.
Ibid., 217.
Ibid., 223.
Ibid., 224.
Ibid., 227.
Ibid., 449; 450.
44). She affiliated with the African Methodist Church (AME), preaching from New York State to Ohio and down South as well. She published her autobiography in 1849 and received "strong resistance and biting criticism," according to Frances Smith Foster (1993). "Lee used her alleged inferiority to emphasize the power of her message and in so doing, she…implies an authority superior to those whom she addresses" (Foster, p. 57). Indeed,
Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy planter staged an uprising, which eventually developed into a rebellion, against Sir William Berkeley's corrupt regime. His manifesto opens with how perverted the morality of the colony has become. Bacon enumerates corruption, where the quality of the lives of their colonizers have greatly improved but the welfare of the colony has stagnated and downgraded, the administration's protection of their" darling Indians," where the interest of the
" Ibid. Byrd's work also predated the Lewis and Clarke journals in his information on the natural history of the area. In fact, he wrote about the Native American tribes and the flora and fauna, much still unknown at the time. This, too, was part of the Enlightenment though, a rather Lockean concept of using one's knowledge to both understand and interpret the universe. By attempting definition, Byrd was following the
C. By Michael Shively (June, 2005), the first hate crime laws were enacted during the sixties, seventies, and eighties. The first states to pass hate crime legislation were Oregon and Washington in 1981. The first federal hate crime legislation, Shively explains, was debated in 1985, and the first federal statute related to hate crimes was the Hate Crimes Statistics Act, passed in 1990. Subsequent to that Act, other pieces of
3. 42 U.S.C.S. 13981 - the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 IV. Famous Hate Crimes Matthew Shepard was attacked and killed by Russell Henderson and Aaron McKinney on October 12, 1998. The attack was motivated by Shepard's homosexuality. The case brought national attention to the issue of hate crimes. Shepard's killers were convicted of murder, but not charged with a hate crime because there was no Wyoming hate crime legislation at that time. Brandon
EDSE 600: History and Philosophy of Education / / 3.0 credits The class entitled, History and Philosophy of Education, focused on the origin of education and the "philosophical influences of modern educational theory and practice. Study of: philosophical developments in the Renaissance, Reformation, and revolutionary periods; social, cultural and ideological forces which have shaped educational policies in the United States; current debates on meeting the wide range of educational and social-emotional