ccording to Hammond, "Studies show there is a 40% chance that burglaries and other nonviolent crimes are being committed by someone who already has committed a violent crime, perhaps even murder" (p. 12).
Other useful applications that have been identified for DN analyses include resolving missing or unidentified people cases and the U.S. Department of Justice continues to collaborate with state and local law enforcement agencies for these applications. Beyond the foregoing uses, DN analyses can also help prove the innocence of suspects as well as wrongfully convicted individuals who are incarcerated, a trend that has helped exonerate a growing number of individuals in recent years. Taken together, DN testing can help identify criminals and even human remains with a high degree of certainty, as well as ensure that people who have inadvertently become entangled in the criminal justice system are not wrongfully convicted. The author, though, does not include…...

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Article No. 3: Fillichio, C. (2005). Getting ahead of the curve: Baltimore and CitiStat; CitiStat maximizes Baltimore's efficiency by using data from the city's 311 call center to manage agencies and adjust performance as necessary. The Public Manager, 34(2), 51-53.

The article was an excellent example of using existing it resources to gain the maximum value for law enforcement efforts as possible. The author notes that the city of Baltimore was experiencing an inordinately high crime rate and departmental budgets had been adversely affected by dwindling personal income and home values that had eroded the city's tax base. Therefore, the acquisition of expensive it resources was not feasible, but the city already had some it resources in use that were not being applied to law enforcement activities. As a result, the Baltimore police department adapted CompStat which could use the city's it resources to track areas with high crimes rates including assaults, burglaries and murders, that allowed a more efficient use of law enforcement resources. Since its inception in mid-2000, the application has grown to include data input from almost two dozen city agencies, with much of the data being routinely provided by these agencies anyway. Likewise, the CompStat application draws on archived digitized records as well as the city's 311 call manager operation to identify problem areas and allocate resources effectively.

The results of this initiative have been impressive. The low-cost approach to using existing it resources and information has resulted in a 48% reduction in violent crime, a trend that has continued since the city's adoption of the CompStat system to the point where Baltimore now leads the nation in violent crime reduction. The CompStat approach has also improved the administrative functions of the city's law enforcement agencies, including activities that were previously performed manually such as payroll, sick and accident leave, and overtime. Other uses for the CompStat system have also been used by the police in Baltimore to facilitate the towing of abandoned vehicles (which has increased by 22%) and the eradication of gang-related graffiti (by 2002, the city was removing four times as much graffiti as it was able to in 2000). Taken together, the police leadership in Baltimore has proven to be an excellent steward of the scarce resources it is provided by using existing it systems and information in innovative ways to fight crime and improve the quality of life for all citizens in the city. A valuable addition to this analysis would be a current snapshot of how Baltimore is faring with its CompStat approach to fighting crime with information technology.

Police Intelligence: apidly Changing the Way Police Organizations Fight Crime
Since the professional era of policing, the traditional role of the police officer in the United States has primarily been that of crime fighter. Law enforcement officers detect and arrest offenders to keep the public safe and until relatively recently, the job was pretty straightforward. The officer would walk his beat, talking to the community and acting to reassure them. If a crime occurred, the officer would react by attempting to catch the offenders after the crime had occurred. An officer's discretion dictated whether an arrest would be made or not. In the first half of the twentieth century the effectiveness and conduct of police were highly variable, and not only from city to city, but within the various precincts, neighbourhoods and beats that made up a particular city. American law enforcement agencies of this time period could be characterized as…...

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References

Angell, J. (1971). Toward an alternative to the classic police organizational arrangement: A democratic model. Criminology, 8, 185-206.

Braga, A.A. (2008). Police enforcement strategies to prevent crime in hot spot areas. Center for Problem Oriented Policing, U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved April 1, 2009, from  http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e040825133-web.pdf 

Bratton, W., and Knobler, P. Turnaround: How New York's top cop reversed the crime epidemic. New York: Random House.

Bureau of Justice Assistance. (1994). Understanding community policing: A framework for action. Washington D.C.: BJA Clearinghouse.

Police Function
The Functions of Policing at the Local, State and Federal Levels

The functions of police work are highly complex and filled with myriad unpredictable challenges. Officers must place their safety and their lives at risk every day in the interests of maintaining order, protecting the pubic and apprehending law-breakers. The result is an occupation that is filled with stressors, pressures and dangers. One way that the structure of modern police-work helps officers to contend with these conditions is through the division of jurisdictions. American law enforcement is a sector comprised of many interdependent and overlapping agencies. And correspondent to the broader structure of American governance, this overlapping is somewhat hierarchical in nature, with jurisdictions generally determined by the unit of civil incorporation with which a precinct or department is affiliated. Therefore, at the local, state and federal level, responsibilities are generally divided among these different types of policing agencies even…...

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Works Cited:

Gaines, L.K. & Kappeler, V.E. (2011). Policing in America. Elsevier.

Kappeler, V.E. & Gaines, L.K. (2009). Community Policing: A Contemporary Perspective. Elsevier.

Wright, A. (2002). Policing: An Introduction to Concepts and Practices. Taylor & Francis U.S..

Intelligence Unit Memo
Police Chief I.B. Friendly

Incorporating Intelligence Unit into Department

In modern law enforcement, the sophistication of modern criminal activity, particularly post-September 11th, causes a necessary paradigm shift for 21st century police departments. This shift requires that departments rethink the power of information -- the manner in which it is collected, analyzed, and then used to fulfill the goals of the department. In fact, in 2007, the National Strategy for Information Sharing released by the hite House describes the need for fusion information centers as a vital way to succeed in modern law enforcement and critical to the safety of the local community as well as the nation (Porter, 2008).

Historical Background - Prior to 1960, even large, urban Police Departments did not have intelligence units. Resources were combined so that Detectives were at the hierarchy of information analysis; and every member of the department was open to gleaning information. Information was…...

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Works Cited

Corrections - Report of the National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. (1973, March). Retrieved from ncjrs.gov:  http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=10865 

Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2011, June). Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System. Retrieved from FRI.gov:

Police Psychology
Scenario:

You are a police psychologist for a major metropolitan area. You are also a member of its hostage negotiation team. You have been called to a crisis incident at 3:15 P.M. On a Friday. It is in a residential area about three blocks from a middle school and a public library. The information you have at this time is that the subject is a 42-year-old male who is holed up in his house with his wife, son, and a family friend. He has murdered his next-door neighbor and is threatening to kill those in the house if his demands are not met. One of his demands is for immunity from the murder charge if he surrenders without harming any of the people in the house. His other demands are a case of beer and some fast food. He wants his demands met or "something will happen."u

Introduction

The crisis negotiation team…...

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Works Cited

Alaxander, D., & Klein, S. (2010). Hostage-taking: motives, resolution, coping and effects. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 176-183.

Cooper, H. (1981). Hostage-takers. Retrieved from National Criminal Justice Reference Service:  https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=75936 

Goldaber, I. (1979). Typology of Hostage-Takers. Police Chief, 21-23. Retrieved from Hughes, J. (2009). A Pilot Study of Naturally Occuring High-Probability Request Sequences in Hostage Negotiations. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 491-496.

McMains, M., & Mullins, W. (2010). Crisis Negotiation (4th ed.). New Providence: Lexis/Nexis/Anderson.

6). The question then becomes, who protects the American public from the CICC?"
Currently law enforcement groups at all levels are protective of the information singularly gathered. If these groups were to share all information at every level the information, whether true or not, can be used in a manner that would take away the constitutional right of American citizens to be considered innocent until proven guilty. In today's world of capable technology assisting law enforcement, analysis of criminal intent and mischief is readily available to all entities.

Sharing the resulting information from such analysis with all other law enforcement will open the door to mismanagement and corruption. Such corruption is already evident in many law enforcement entities and to provide them with additional cannon fodder would be a huge mistake.

orks Cited

Criminal Intelligence Sharing: A national plan for intelligence-led policing at the local, state and federal levels (2002)

http://www.theiacp.org/documents/pdfs/Publications/intelsharingreport.pdf, Accessed December 15,…...

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Works Cited

Criminal Intelligence Sharing: A national plan for intelligence-led policing at the local, state and federal levels (2002)

  Accessed December 15, 2007http://www.theiacp.org/documents/pdfs/Publications/intelsharingreport.pdf ,

Conclusion:

The police adapting to rapid changes in technology is felt in two ways -- primarily in using the technology that comes with new inventions for the police like better weapons, communication networks and so on for which they have to be thoroughly trained. The specialist has also to be trained in many issues like cyber crimes, and use of sophisticated computers and machines for crime. Police with an up-to-date mass communication system can be easily mobilized and can have faster response to events. The negative aspects of technology cannot be wished away and there must be research done to overcome these defects in communication with the public and also reliance must be placed on more robust methods of data access.

eferences

Buzawa, Carl G; Buzawa, Eve S. (1992) "Domestic Violence: The Changing Criminal

Justice." Auburn House: Westport, CT.

Couldry, Nick; Mccarthy, Anna. (2004) "Mediaspace: Place, Scale, and Culture in a Media

Age." outledge: New York.

Davis,…...

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References

Buzawa, Carl G; Buzawa, Eve S. (1992) "Domestic Violence: The Changing Criminal

Justice." Auburn House: Westport, CT.

Couldry, Nick; Mccarthy, Anna. (2004) "Mediaspace: Place, Scale, and Culture in a Media

Age." Routledge: New York.

Police eform in Post-Authoritarian Brazil
A majority of new democracies entail an unbelievable illogicality of an immensely feeble citizenship coalesced with a stern description of the constitutional guarantees. In order to explicate this disparity it would be prudent to contemplate the significance of political institutions regarding representation of citizen, which were prevalent subsequent to the military establishments attributed as troublesome and a majority of the new restrictions. A few defined in the autocratic establishment, were implemented by quite a few new establishments prominently by the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 (Pinheiro, 1996).

The prominence out of such institutions of Brazil were the excessive illustration of lesser populated regions on the contrary to the regions with greater population: Sao Paulo in recent times incorporates 60 Congressmen (which is analogous to 11.9% of the entire constituents of a Congress) depicting a voting strength of 20,774,991. This strength makes up 21.9% of the entire voting population…...

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References

Amnesty International (2002). 'Subhuman': Torture, overcrowding and brutalization in Minas Gerais police stations. London, Amnesty International.

Bailey, Willian C. 1984. "Poverty, Inequality and City Homicides Rates." Criminology. Vol. 22. no0 4. November.

Beato F., C.C. Accion y Estrategia de las Organizaciones Policiales In: Policia, Sociedad y Estado: Modernizacion y Reforma Policial en America del Sul.1 ed.Santiago: Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo, 2001a, p. 39-56.

Beato F., Claudio Chaves, Renato Martins Assuncao, Braulio Figueiredo Alves da Silva, Frederico Couto Marinho, Ilka Afonso Reis, Maria Cristina de Mattos Almeida. 2001. "Conglomerados de homicidios e o trafico de drogas em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, de 1995 a 1999." Cadernos de Saude Publica. Rio de Janeiro: v.17, n.5, p.1163-1171, 2001b.

Police
Law enforcement agencies, or the police force, operate on several jurisdictional platforms within the United States. In general, their primary mandate is to help maintain societal order and the rule of law by assisting subjects with legal compliance, protecting property, helping to keep citizens and property safe and secure, and for assistance in extraordinary events. The police force is part of the social order of society and mediates public events, pre-empts anti-social behaviors, helps mitigate potential dangers at large events, works with other agencies in general search and rescue, crowd control, regulations, education and awareness campaigns, and to support the rule of law (Cole, 2004). Under the rubric of law enforcement, there are three major categories of police: Federal, Local and State.

Local law enforcement provides routine and micro-policing to the communities within their jurisdiction. This may include traffic enforcement, criminal investigations, local laboratory or forensic investigation, certain types of detention,…...

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REFERENCES

The Difference Between Federal and State Law. (2010). Retrieved from The Leadership Conference - Civilrights.org:  http://www.civilrights.org/judiciary/courts/difference-federal-local-courts.html 

Cole, G. a. (2004). The American System of Criminal Justice. New York: Wadsworth.

Dempsey and Forst. (2009). An Introduction to Policing. Florence, KY: Delmar Cenage Learning.

Hedgpeth, D. (2008, September 17). Congress Says DHX Oversaw $15 Billion in Failed Contracts. Retrieved from The Washington Post.com:  http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/16/AR2008091603200.html

Police Management:
Throughout history, police management has experienced numerous changes because of the various significant changes that have continued to occur in the society. The emerging trends have contributed to the development of new policing governance, which has had considerable implications for police management. Towards the end of the 20th Century, the governmental police reforms have contributed to an end to public policing, a claim that is regarded as extrapolated towards a certain extreme. However, in light of the changes that have occurred in the recent past, it's evident that public policing has not come to an end but that the monopoly of public policing has come to an end. As a result, the dominance of public policing that characterized the 19th and 20th centuries is no longer a characteristic of the modern era. Actually, the emerging diverse totality of public policing is a reflection of the so-called post-modern period.

Nonetheless,…...

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References:

Cope, S., Leishman, F. & Starie, P. (1997). Globalization, New Public Management and the Enabling State: Futures of Police Management. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 10(6), 444-460.

"Cooperation Agreement between the Government of Canada and the European Police Office."

(n.d.). Europol. Retrieved December 8, 2012, from  https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/flags/canada.pdf 

Forcese, D. (2002). Police: current issues in Canadian law enforcement. Kemptville, Ontario:

Course Number Police Corruption
A Problem with the law
Name
[Date]

Summary
This paper will focus specifically on police corruption and the ways in which to lessen and decrease instances of police corruption. The first section includes an introduction explaining the effects of police corruption from rapes to murder and how it impacts society. It also expresses the need to act, as the United States becomes more like the exceedingly corrupt African countries of Nigeria and South Africa. Comparison of other countries reveals a lack of authority and government as well as public safety concerns.
The other section explains and identifies the different forms of corruption that happen with police officers including: opportunistic theft, tampering of evidence, and accepting of bribes. When police officers commit these crimes, they are often not prosecuted. This is due to the lack of evidence of witnesses against them. Most police officers are trained to avoid getting caught and know how to…...

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References

Aremu, A. O., Pakes, F., & Johnston, L. (2011). The moderating effect of emotional intelligence on the reduction of corruption in the Nigerian Police. Police Practice and Research, 12(3), 195-208. Retrieved July 30, 2014, from  

Beggs, J., & Davies, H. (2009). Police misconduct, complaints, and public regulation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

California Innocence Project. (n.d.). Police Corruption Cases \ Police Misconduct Statistics \ CIP. Retrieved August 1, 2014, from  http://californiainnocenceproject.org/issues-we-face/police-misconduct 

Einstein, S., & Amir, M. (2003). Police corruption: paradigms, models, and concepts: challenges for developing countries. Huntsville, TX: Office of International Criminal Justice.

Gottschalk, P. (2012). White-Collar Crime and Police Crime: Rotten Apples or Rotten Barrels? Critical Criminology, 20(2), 169-182. Retrieved July 31, 2014, from  http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10612-011-9133-0 

Lee, H., Lim, H., Moore, D. D., & Kim, J. (2013). How police organizational structure correlates with frontline officer's attitudes toward corruption: a multilevel model. Police Practice and Research, 14(5), 386. Retrieved July 31, 2014, from  http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15614263.2011.635483#.U9sEofldWa8 

Punch, M., & Gilmour, S. (2010). Police corruption: apples, barrels and orchards. Criminal Justice Matters, 79(1), 10-12. Retrieved July 31, 2014, from  http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09627250903569890#.U9sFwldWa8 

Roleff, T. L. (2003). Police corruption. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15614263.2010.536724#.U9sFVvldWa8 

2Intelligence-Led PolicingLearning Task: Week 1- What are the factors that have favored the emergence of Intelligence Led Policing (ILP)? Use the chronology of policing models given by atcliffe as a guide (i.e., contrast what is similar and different about ILP from the major policing models).Intelligence-led policing is a decision-making strategy that analyzes criminal intelligence as an objective decision-making tool that facilitates crime prevention and reduction through effective and efficient policing strategies and external partnership projects drawn from an evidential base. Intelligence-led policing is mainly based on four distinct elements, and the first is that it targets the offenders, especially by targeting the active criminals through covert and overt means. The other element is managing the hotspots and crimes (atcliffe, 2008). The third element is investigating the liked series of incidents and crimes. The last one is applying preventive measures, which include working with local partnerships to reduce disorder and crime.…...

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ReferenceRatcliffe, J. H. (2008). Intelligence-led policing. Routledge.

police adopted intelligence-Led policing? What are the problems associated with its implementations?
Over time, policing methods have advanced, with the most recent strategy in improving response time of police being intelligence-led policing (or ILP). ILP is still in its initial developmental stages, is still not wholly understood, and has not yet been adopted by all agencies (Taylor, Kowalyk and Boba 2007). Studying police managers' views and attitudes can help recognize obstacles. Depending on findings of research, when initiating this strategy, top police officers obtain the information required for foreseeing problems and understanding supervisors' mind-set. Strategy transformations spring from shifts in objectives. For instance, London's Metropolitan police was organized by Sir obert Peel for focusing not on response, but on prevention of crime (Johnson 1988). Improvements were generated through technological advances like automobiles and telephones. These improvements served to lessen response time, as well as expand an officer's patrol coverage (Phillips…...

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References

Anderson, R 1994, "Intelligence-led policing: A British perspective," in A Smith(ed) Intelligence-led policing: International perspective on policing in the 21st Century, Lawrenceville, NJ: International Association of Law Enforcement intelligence Analyst.

Anderson, R 1997, "Intelligence-led policing: A British Perspective," In Intelligence-led policing: International Perspective on policing in the 21st Century: Lawrenceville, NJ: International Association of Law Enforcement Intelligence Analyst.

Bennett, T 1994, 'Community policing on the ground: developments in Britain,' in D.P. Rosenbaum(ed) The challenge of community policing: Testing the promises, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.

Carter, DL and Carter, JG 2009, "Intelligence-Led Policing: Conceptual and Functional Considerations for Public Policy," Criminal Justice Policy Review 20, no. 3: 310-325

5Intelligence AnalysisPrimary Intelligence Problem1. A recent wave of terrorism in Egypt is threatening the stability of the central government. What does this mean?Sub-problems, associated PIs/EEIs, and Methods of Intelligence AnalysisWhat form of terrorism? Whats its origin and intention? (PI-1)Method: Analysis of Competing Hypotheses (ACH) would be the most appropriate method for examining this sub-problem. ACH is an intelligence analysis method that has proven highly effective when examining huge amount of data (Heuer, 1999). This technique is commonly used to identify alternative explanations (hypotheses) and examine evidence to confirm or refute the hypotheses (U.S. Government, 2009). For this sub-problem, ACH would enable intelligence analysts to assess and develop probable identification of the new terrorist threat. It would help provide more guidance on how the terrorist regime conducts its operations, its ideologies, and intent.What are the lifestyles of individuals in this new wave of terrorism?Method: Predictive analysis in which the analyst determines…...

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ReferencesHeuer, R.J. (1999). Analysis of Competing Hypotheses. In Psychology of intelligence analysis (chap. 8). Retrieved from S. (2007). Intelligence Analysis: Structured Methods or Intuition? American Intelligence Journal, 25(1), 7-16.U.S. Government. (2009, March). A Tradecraft Primer: Structured Analytic Techniques for Improving Intelligence Analysis. Retrieved April 28, 2018, from  http://www.analysis.org/structured-analytic-techniques.pdfhttps://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/psychology-of-intelligence-analysis/PsychofIntelNew.pdfMarrin,

Integrated agreements will assist in targeting the maximum federal funding at the greatest risk counties, cities and states where through the addition of more funds, security of citizens will be increased (U.S. Congress 2010). U.S. Department of Homeland Security should uphold on what it considers being right. It should be firm on actions vital to the country's ability to respond to such issues. It should issue a mandate on funding for the activities, interoperable communications and should not ignore its own requirements. As a result, local and state governments will succeed in achieving interoperable communications (Studeman, 2002).
The DHS must ensure that localities and states attain a certain degree of appropriate interoperable communications. Activities and actions should be given proper funding. In addition, Department of Homeland Security should allow local and state governments to be flexible and make decisions on how they intend to achieve the standard. The DHS enterprise…...

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References

Pincus, W. (2007). An Admonition on Intelligence. New York: ProQuest

US Congress (2010). Congressional Record, V. 153, Pt. 1, January 4, 2007 to January 17, 2007.

New York: Government Printing Office

Studeman, M. (2002). Strengthening the Shield: U.S. Homeland Security Intelligence. Kingston: