Introduction Addiction does not have an assigned definition. This effectively means that there are various definitions to drug and alcohol addiction that have been explored in the past. For purposes of this discussion, addiction will be defined as “a chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking, continued use despite harmful consequences, and long-lasting changes in the brain” (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2019). In addition to evaluating the effectiveness of

Even though Aronofsky speaks of art and artists relatively more often, I would say, than other young directors, there is a strong idea that nature still grounds art, in contrast to the illusions and hallucinations of artifice. In Selby's novel, Marion is a painter, and her dream is to open a store that sells clothing based on her sketches. Marion is terrifically cultured, and her mind is filled with

human behavior has often been prone to different extremities and in time has been defined by lack of activities or, on the contrary, by an extreme interest for certain activities. While the former takes is not necessarily visible with the open eye, because it would assume the presence of something that is missing (for instance, social behavior), in the cases where extreme behavior is present, there are obvious signs

According to NIDA (2007), tobacco use resulted in the death of approximately 100 million people in the twentieth century, with a projected total approaching 1 billion by the end of this century at the current rate of usage. Nevertheless, NIDA still currently considers "drug" addiction as a disease, despite its contradictory failure to ascribe the same characterization to nicotine addiction. In justifying its position that addiction is a "disease of the

S ome aromas even affect us physiologically" (p. 38). Researchers exploring human olfaction have determined that: faint trace of lemon significantly increases people's perception of their own health. Lavender incense contributes to a pleasant mood -- but it lowers volunteers' mathematical abilities. A whiff of lavender and eucalyptus increases people's respiratory rate and alertness. The scent of phenethyl alcohol (a constituent of rose oil) reduces blood pressure. These findings have contributed to the explosive

Usually, both physical and psychological components need to be addressed. Byrd (2001) explains, the function of brain cells (neurons) is affected when a drug is used repeatedly over a long period of time. Each neuron produces and releases chemicals called neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters can impact the function of the nerve cell, making it produce and release hormones. "The neurotransmitters that have been associated with addiction include serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine,