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Autism is a very complex neurodevelopmental disorder previously classified in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders -- fourth edition -- text revision (DSM -- IV -- TR) as a pervasive developmental disorder (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). In 2013 the diagnostic scheme for pervasive developmental disorders was changed and that term was deleted from the DSM-5 (APA, 2013). The new designation became Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD's) and now represents a heterogeneous set of disorders that clinically present as a spectrum of developmental issues ranging from severe cognitive impairment to functional cognitive impairment. The diagnosis of ASD replaces the previous diagnoses of autistic disorder (often called autism), Asperger's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and the rather vague category of pervasive developmental disorder that is not otherwise specified (APA, 2013). ASD's are characterized by varying levels of deficits in social skills (these skills are identified as being deficits in skills of social interaction and social communication) and the presence of restrictive repetitive behaviors (RPR; these can include actual repetitive behavior such as hand flapping or such things as interests or other activities). In order to be diagnosed with an ASD the child must display both of these symptoms to some...
If the child demonstrates only symptomatic problems with communication and social interaction without the presence of any RPR's the diagnosis of a social communication disorder is now deemed appropriate by the APA (APA, 2013).
Deficits and Etiology
In nearly every case of autism the disorder is recognized at an early age, often before the age of three, and the core symptoms are recognized. The core symptoms of autism include the following:
A. Difficulties in the child's ability to understand and interpret the intentions or emotions other people display. For instance, an early common symptom of children with autism is the observation that children with ASD do not reciprocate smiles, whereas young babies without ASD instinctively reciprocate smiles and produce smiles as a means to garner attention from adults (APA, 2000, 2013; Sadock & Sadock, 2007). In addition, autistic children also do not respond to changes in voice inflection (APA, 2000, 2013; Sadock & Sadock, 2007).
B. ASD children display a reduced capacity for social interaction and communication. Often parents will notice quite early that these children lack the ability to respond to their attempts to get the child to reciprocate emotions such as happiness, cooing, and so forth. Children ASD appeared to…
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders -- fourth edition -- text revision. Washington DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders -- fifth edition. Washington DC: Author.
Jain, A., Marshall, J., Buikema, A., Bancroft, T., Kelly, J.P., & Newschaffer, C.J. (2015).
Autism occurrence by MMR vaccine status among U.S. children with older siblings with and without autism. JAMA, 313(15), 1534-1540.
Stimuli other than explicit instruction are reported to have likely signaled the beginning of a new activity. In the case of the female student, Christie it was related that arranging and ordering was not an escapist activity as it had been for the male participants to avoid responding to instructions. In the case of one of the male students the ordering and arranging was believed to be due to
Autistic Spectrum Disorders and the Family Unit Autistic Spectrum Disorders are a group of related disorders or developmental disabilities that have been caused by some sort of problem within the brain. The necessity to understand the reasons for autism and the basic underlying pathophysiology has become more severe because the amount of diagnosed cases has increased dramatically in recent years. (White, 2003) Researchers and scientists have not been able to discover,
As noted in the located research, "individuals with autism may have an IQ at any level. By convention, if an individual with autism has an IQ in the normal range (or above), they are said to have 'high-functioning autism' (HFA)." (Baron-Cohen, 1) For a parent with a young child who exhibits signs of true intelligence or even of prominent and unique talents, the understanding of autism as a disorder
According to Bock & Goode (2003), the plasticity of the brain during early childhood allows for the best outcomes when treating the disorder. Because autism is a spectrum disorder some children benefit more from the aforementioned interventions than others. However regardless of the severity of the disorder all children seem to benefit from early diagnosis and early treatment (pg, 254). Conclusion The purpose of this discussion was to compare and contrast
Identifying Autism Loci and Genes by Tracing Recent Shared Ancestry. Science 321(5886): 218-23. Introduction This article begins with a discussion of autism spectrum disorders and the social and mental impairments that typify the disorder, setting up an approach that is inherently humanistic and person-centered. Despite the highly technical and quantified nature of the ultimate research question and data collected and analyzed in this study, this person-centered focus and tone is observable
Autism and Dementia Description of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Dementia Behavioral Criteria for Autism and Dementia The Incidence Rates and Causes Options for Treatment Based on Theoretical Models Description of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Dementia Autism Spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder which is essentially a brain dysfunction that has the potential to affect emotion, learning ability and memory that gradually comes to light as an individual grows up. This is generally evident in children and