Literature review of FEMA's eight principles of emergency management

¶ … Disaster Planning

A Review of Crisis and Disaster Prevention Literature

Disasters strike weekly, sometimes daily, all around the world. Crises happen, simply because humans create and perpetuate them. This is why nations and the leaders within them, just as companies and their leaders, ought to be ready for any eventuality. Crisis and disaster prevention thus becomes, not a need, but a vital fact of reality, and those who want to survive implement comprehensive disaster planning early on, for longevity's sake. This literature review will discuss the importance of such planning, as well as detail different types of crisis and disaster prevention and recovery strategies.

The FEMA Outlook

Before beginning any crisis prevention plan, an enterprise must understand that there are clear emergency management techniques that must be put in place at the very outset of any endeavor. There has been a great literature written on emergency management, for it is undertaken not just by businesses around the world, but also by countries, including the United States. According to FEMA, which is the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the U.S. follows eight principles:

1. Emergency management is comprehensive, i.e. takes into account all hazards, phases and stakeholders that could be affected by a disaster.

2. Emergency management is progressive, i.e. takes preventive measures to build disaster resistant policies.

3. Emergency management must also be risk driven and utilize risk management principles (i.e. hazard identification, risk analysis, impact analysis) to assign priorities and resources to be utilized in the eventuality of a disaster.

4. Emergency management is integrated and ensures unity.

5. Emergency management is collaborative, which means that managers "create and sustain broad and sincere relationships among individuals and organizations to encourage trust, advocate a team atmosphere, build consensus, and facilitate communication."

6. Emergency management is also coordinate, meaning that activities are organized and synchronized in such as ways as to achieve a common purpose with all stakeholders.

7. Emergency management must also be flexible, and utilize creative and innovative approaches to solve the challenges that crises often pose.

8. Emergency management must, lastly, be professional.[footnoteRef:1] [1: All notes and quotations from: No Author. 2007. Principles of Emergency Management. FEMA.gov. Retrieved January 23, from .]

The principles outlined by FEMA are important because they present a clear structure for all crisis management plans, and also give hint as to how these must be undertaken long before a crisis strikes.

Business Continuity Plans and Strategies Expanded

Though the previous sections focused on different, specific aspects of the crisis prevention and recovery plans that are in use today, including the most important of these aspects, technology, this section will focus on the general literature that exists on various plans that can be set in place, and what they aim to do. Though this section is in no way geared towards a specific business, it illustrates different ways of thinking that may be employed and altered by businesses in order to best address their potential needs. First, business continuity is the main philosophy to be studied there, as it is an umbrella term for both crisis and disaster preparedness, whether it be prevention or recovery. Second, this term is utilized in this way in order to reconcile the various literature written into a concise volume that makes sense in today's ever-evolving business world. For these reasons, business continuity will be utilized to mean "management and contingency planning [and] the creation of a sound continuity and contingency plan as a complex undertaking, involving a number of stages and discrete activities."[footnoteRef:4] [4: No Author. 2012. Business Continuity, Contingency Planning and Disaster Recovery. Business Continuity World. Retrieved January 24, from . ]

The first study examines a business contingency plan at a university. Though this may not seem relevant, one must realize nonetheless that a university is a business, and must be treated as such. First the plan addresses the potential situations that may arise and that may call for its utilization. These include anything from a safety-related crisis or a natural disaster. Furthermore, the plan provides for instances in which it may be altered. These include when there is/are:

'1. A change in university site or facility configuration that materially alters the information contained in the plan or materially affects implementation of the plan,

2. A material change in response resources,

3. An incident [that] occurs that requires a review,

4. Internal assessments, third party reviews, or experience in drills or actual responses identify significant changes that should be made in the plan,

5. New laws, regulations, or internal policies are implemented that affect the contents or the implementation of the plan, and

6. Other changes deemed significant."[footnoteRef:5] [5: Powers, W. et. al. 2011. Business Continuity -- Plan Annex. University of Texas. Retrieved January 24, from . ]

These needs presented here thus address not only the utilization of the plan, but provide provisions changing it in the interim, when necessary, which is precisely what a disaster mitigation structure should ensure.

Next, the paper addresses the concept of operations for the plan. In this section, the university addresses the need for the plan both for students and for staff. In this respect, it elucidates its facets as such:

"The Business Continuity Plan Annex provides guidance to university colleges, schools, departments, and agencies to ensure financial integrity and continuity of service to the community in the event of a natural or man-made disaster. The business continuity plan (BCP) is an annex of the Emergency Management Plan. All emergency planning and response provisions of that document and other annex are in effect. This BCP and unit plans all address the four phases of emergency planning (mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery) but the BCP has special emphasis on the recovery phase."[footnoteRef:6] [6: Powers, p3. ]

This section also states that the presented plan has clear objectives, with preventing financial loss for the institution as the first mentioned objective. This is important, for finances are important to any organization that may see itself in a precarious position. But this plan also states that it aims to not just prevent the school from undergoing financial problems should a crisis arise, but also aims to enable it to continue serving its students, staff, faculty and visitors properly, as well as mitigate any disruptions that may arise from such as crisis or disaster. Lastly, the plan aims to protect the university's reputation, which goes hand in hand with protecting financial interests, and this is important to stress.

Just as any good contingency plan, the university expands upon its aims and structures its plan according to importance. The result is a comprehensive paper that is made up of six important headings and various subheadings. These include, in order:

Business Impact Analysis

Risk Analysis

Risk Assessment

Plan Components

Strategy

Prevention Measure

Mitigation Measures

Emergency Response

Unit Continuity and Succession of Leadership

Emergency Communications

Resource Management and Logistics

Mutual Aid (Internal and External)

Training and Awareness

Exercise and Testing[footnoteRef:7] [7: All points taken from Powers, p4. ]

Having such a clear and detailed structure in place, complete with specific descriptions as to how to function in the case of a disaster, as well as post-crisis, is very useful. As can be seen from the plan to be implemented above, such a program can help an organization save itself in the front of loss that may occur from an unexpected event.

Another document that builds upon such strategies and that stresses the importance of crisis management is found to examine a governmental organization. The structure of this crisis prevention plan is quite different, as it concerns a public institution, whereas some of the plans detailed here may be related to private enterprises. Within a public institution, for transparency reasons, a crisis prevention and recovery plan will almost always be posted for anyone to see. In a private setting, this may not be the case, as shareholders may not want all to know what could be done in the event of a disaster. Nonetheless, the plan described here involves a clear network of individuals that would "take over" in the case of a disaster. The thing that is most stressed is the fact that individuals must be able to undertake whatever roles they have been given, with success. In order to do this they must, of course, know and understand their roles, which is vital. For this purpose, this particular literature builds a flow chart that shows a clear structure in an eventual crisis.[footnoteRef:8] This is useful both for the individuals within the company, but also for the public, who must be informed of the smooth functioning of a governmental organization, especially in times of crisis. [8: Business Continuity Plan. 2012. Ready.gov. Retrieved January 24, from . ]

The FEMA section, which was the first written above, and which addressed the specific ways in which the government sought to mitigate disasters is important here, for it shows how the government could act in cases such as 9/11 or Katrina. Though not always successful in its endeavors, especially in the latter case mentioned above, governmental organizations always step in. Internationally, such organizations are replaced by things like the UNDP, which strive to foresee disasters on an even larger scale, especially those provoked by violence. Yet both natural and violence-related crises may happen at any time in the internal arena, and business are almost always affected by these, so it is ever more important in such cases to be prepared, and the FEMA principles related in the first section are very much upheld in the case of the United Nations.

To go back to the private sector and how it functions, the next two pieces of literature to be examined will relate to organizational preparedness, though do not give specific business examples. The first article, which examines the basics of business continuity, states that "disaster recovery and business continuity planning are processes that help organizations prepare for disruptive events -- whether those event might include a hurricane or simply a power outage caused by a backhoe in the parking lot."[footnoteRef:9] One other important facet that this article includes expands on the things that such plans must include, and states that all such plans must encompass, above all, means of communications, so employees know where to go and what to utilize to continue doing their jobs. The author further mentions that "for some businesses, issues such as supply chain logistics are most crucial and are the focus on the plan. For others, information technology may play a more pivotal role, and the BC/DR plan may have more of a focus on systems recovery []."[footnoteRef:10] [9: Slater, D. 2011. Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Planning: The Basics. Business Continuity. Retrieved January 24, from . ] [10: Slater, p1. ]

The next study focuses on the importance of communication as mentioned above as well, but stresses the role of ethics in organization crisis management, which according to the piece, has received limited attention. Furthermore, the study aims to not only fill the gap aforementioned, but also prove a relevance for contingency plans, especially in today's ever-changing times, and make note of the fact that signal detection and uptake in organizational prevention is vital. The study also highlights implications for prevention, and takes in consideration such disasters as the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger in order to best see how further research and detail could prevent such disasters from happening.[footnoteRef:11] [11: Simola, S. 2005. Concepts of Care in Organizational Crisis Prevention. Journal of Business Ethics 62(4), pp. 341-353. ]

Conclusions

This paper has focused on analyzing what today's brightest minds say about disaster planning both within nations and within companies, and what strategies are best to avoid failure, for a business, when a crisis does happen. This literature review, though comprehensive, has shown some gaps, especially in discussing potential ways in which to handle today's most important threats, such as terrorism, and ways in which to move forward quickly after a disaster has taken place. Furthermore, there is little literature showing how businesses can best adapt to these circumstances, as they are relatively novel, especially given the uniqueness of many businesses. It is thus recommended that further research be undertaken with specific case studies in mind.