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¶ … evolution refers to the changes that occur over time in the heritable traits over consecutive biological populations due to natural selection (Ohno, 2013). Since its inception by Darwin, the theory of evolution has become the overarching and unquestionable scientific explanation for biological diversity on the planet. It has become so accepted by the scientific community that many scientists refer to evolution as a "fact" as opposed to an actual theory (see, Gould, 1983). This type of acceptance towards evolution often leads to surprising intolerance by the scientific community when evolutionary theory is criticized. Nonetheless, there are several aspects of the theory of evolution that call its validity into question. This paper will briefly explore two of these critiques.
First, nearly every conceptualization of evolution begins with the notion that life on the planet earth evolved as a result of a random forces that combined crucial elements/ingredients (Ohno, 2013). While many accept this notion, this proposition is actually problematic for the entire theory of evolution because there is no scientific evidence that a hodgepodge of chemicals and non-living compounds can be combined in any way, shape, or form to generate something that has life (Miller, Bada, & Lazeano, 2004). Even Stanley Miller, the architect of the famous Urey-Miller experiment where essential...
Nonetheless, in addition to experiments by Miller there have been experiments conducted under laboratory conditions that utilize computers to randomly combine chemical elements that produce chains of proteins resembling chains of RNA (see Szostak, Bartel, & Luisi, 2001). Thus, researchers suggest that one day they will be able to create life in a test tube, so to speak. However, these experiments require the manipulation of initial conditions by experimenters and do not truly represent random processes that are believed to contribute to the beginning of life as described by evolutionary theorists. In fact, even today if scientists were to take a living single -- celled animal, place it in a medium advantageous for survival, rupture its epithelium and thus…
References
Gould, S.J. (1983). Hen's teeth and horse's toes: Further reflections in natural history. London,
UK: WW Norton & Company.
Morowitz, H.J. (1955). Some order-disorder considerations in living systems. The Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, 17(2), 81-86.
Miller, S, Bada, J.L. & Lazeano, A. (2004). The beginning of chemical evolution experiments.
REFERENCES "About WordNet." (2009). Princeton University Online. Cited in: http://wordnet.princeton.edu/ Balota, D. And E. Marsh, eds. (2004). Cognitive Psychology: Key Readings .Psychology Press. Campbell, J. And R.E. Mayer. (2008). "Questioning as an Instructional Method: Does it Affect Learning From Lectures?" Applied Cognitive Pscyhology. 23(6): 747-59. Chomsky, N. (1967). "A Review of B.F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior." Readings in the Pscyhology of Language. Cited in: http://www.chomsky.info/articles/1967-.htm Goldstein, B. (2007). Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience. Wadsworth. Green, M.R. And A. Oliva.
Nonetheless, this does not make philosophy any less important in the field. Philosophy today can be seen as a manifestation of the workings of the human mind, while psychology studies the mind itself. Philosophy is therefore a very important aspect in helping the psychologist understand the human mind. Philosophy is indeed responsible for the birth of psychology as a discipline in itself, as mentioned. While the early philosophers, Socrates, Plato and
Nursing Theory Analysis Theory-based nursing is the phenomenon that has been researched much during the past two decades. Nursing theory has become the foundation for nursing practice with its own knowledge base. The current paper is an analysis of King's theory of goal attainment. King acquired her goal attainment theory model from an interpersonal system and a behavioral science. The nurse and patient communicate to achieve a common goal of patient
Software Processing Methodology Understanding the Problem Klyne Smith, DSE Candidate Dr. Frank Coyle Technical Motivation Research and Contribution Methods Software Processing Methodologies Waterfall Methodology Strengths Weaknesses Opportunity Threats Iterative Methodology Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Model Methodology Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Where do we go from here (Spring 2010)? Define measurement data points for Test Case analysis Section IV Creation and Validation of the predictive model Section V Summary Analysis Practical Usage Praxis Conclusion Books Articles / Web Information Software Processing Methodology: Understanding the Problem Section I: Introduction In this work, I examine three different Software Processing Methodologies. I start with the iterative model, followed by the spiral
Fifth, the NCLB is devoid of any meaningful consequences for failing to achieve federal objectives other than the publication of such failures in conjunction with the rights of parents to request transfers of their children to better-performing academic institutions (Darling-Hammond 2004). Critics have suggested that the most likely result of enforcement of such limited consequences for noncompliance is the overcrowding of institutions who fulfill the federal requirements to their detriment
evolution and creationism. Evolution is usually held responsible for inducing immorality among its followers. This paper discusses the impact of believing in evolution on the behavior of student by describing both the evolutionary theory and its various effects. EVOLUTION AND STUDENT BEHAVIOR It is the belief about an individual's origins that sparks a debate evolution and creation. This is because not only does the belief about origins (and the consequent debate)