Conditioning Theories: Phobias and Addiction
Phobias and Addiction
Phobias and Classical Conditioning Theory
Classical conditioning theory proposes that an individual can acquire a phobic response to a conditioned stimulus (CS), if the CS is paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (UCS) of sufficient strength and/or nature to elicit a negative affective reaction (Armfield, 2006, p. 747). For example, if a golfer is hit by lightening on the 15th hole, the UCS is being hit by lightning and the CS is playing golf. If the golfer lives through the experience, he or she may be unable to overcome the fear of being hit by lightening (unconditioned response) and never be able to walk onto another golf course (conditioned response). If it was a stormy day when the CS was paired with the UCS then the golfer may be able to overcome the new phobia by playing only on clear days, but they will always be watching the sky for any sign of clouds.
The ability of a UCS to elicit a CS has been proposed to depend on four qualities: uncontrollability, unpredictability, dangerousness, and how disgusting it is (Armfield, 2006, pp. 754-757). Being struck by lightning would rate high in uncontrollability, unpredictability, and dangerousness,...
It is to be stressed upon that such reflexes may exist in some species but not in others. According an effective U.S., however, there are still several factors that have influence on conditioning a particular CS applying it. (Features of Classical Conditioning) The Classical Conditioning response is considered as most primitive and primary units of learning and assists the analysts in better comprehending and potentially treats some human pathology. The
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