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¶ … Containerization
Oceans have, since long in history, been known as a means of transportation. However, in contrast to a couple of decades ago, ships today transport goods more than they do people. The emergence of intercontinental air travel made air transport relatively cheaper and perhaps more preferable to sea travel over long distances. As a result, sea travel today is largely limited to recreational cruises and shorter trips such as ferry services.
As globalization increased, markets became more open to trade; as a result, demand levels escalated, and so and did shipping volumes. The international trade growth rate was consistently reported to be twice that of aggregate economic activity between 1950 and 2000 (Clark, 2002). Between 2000 and 2001, for instance, world trade grew at an average annual rate of 5.4%, while economic activity, measured by global GDP, only grew at annual average of 3%. This trend has seen global trade more than triple since the 1960s and currently makes up approximately 45% of annual global...
The volume of goods transported to processing industries abroad almost quadrupled over the same period (Clark, 2002). With this increase in levels of trade, there was need to come up with a method that could efficiently transport billions of tones of goods across established routes of trade.
The Oxford Dictionary defines containerization as "a method of shipping freight in relatively uniform, sealed, movable containers whose contents do not have to be unloaded at each point of transfer." Containerization was conceptualized in the 1950s and had, by the late 1960s, become the most common method of transporting bulk products by sea (Clark, 2002).
The most significant benefit of containerization is its transformation of "the paradigm of freight transport from 'modalism' to 'intermodalism'" (Clark, 2002, p. 239). This implied a change of system, from one in which discrete transport modes were connected, to one where modes were integrated and complemented each other in the shipping of products between the different stages of…
References
Clark, R.P. (2002). Global Awareness: Thinking Systematically around the World. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
Hofstra University. (2014). The Geography of Transport Systems. Hofstra University Library. Retrieved 1 April 2014 from http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch3en/conc3en/benefits_containerization.html
Logistics Design Alternatives Intermodal transportation essentially refers to the process of transporting passengers and cargo by means of multiple, inter-linked transportation modes. It capitalizes on the comparative advantage of the individual modes to bring about high productivity at considerably low freight costs. Intermodalism has gained prominence over recent years, and is currently an integral component of international trade and global supply chain management. The U.S. Penal Code (49 USC, Chapter 55,
Planning Process Explain in detail how you will address each of the needs identified in part 2 include changes necessary for environment, engagement, application, and tools. Make sure to include a list of technology resources currently available and those that must be purchased. State Goals and Objectives with Local Strategies and Measures Environment The changes necessary for the environment involve going from one based on the physical environment to one that is
These claims are virtually all based on the concept that corporations - particularly multinationals -- should be held accountable for their actions within their sphere of operations. "Corporations, for their part, have responded in numerous ways, from denying any duties in the area of human rights to accepting voluntary codes that could constrain their behavior" (Ratner, 2001, p. 436). In fact, this very point is echoed throughout the literature; for