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Diabetes Concept
Concept Map: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Pathology
Aetilogy
Pathophysiology
Pathogenesis
Risk Factors:
Weight, Race,
Inactivity, Family history,
Fat distribution, Age
Prevention:
Execrise, Eating habits,
Regular checkups
Diagnosis:
Glycated hemoglobin
(A1C) test
Random or fasting blood sugar test
Oral glucose tolerance test
Structural Changes:
Potential brain structure changes
Myocardial degradation
Circulation changes
Possible amputation
Pancreatic changes
Signs and Symptoms:
Increased thrist, Frequent
urination, Increased hunger,
Weight loss, Fatigue, Blurred
vision, Frequent infections,
Sores/slow healing, Darker skin
Prognosis:
If untreated: Heart disease,
Stroke, Kidney disease,
Dialysis, Blindness,
Amputation
Treatment
Blood sugar monitoring, Exercise,
Healthy eating habits,
Possible medications / insulin therapy
Functional Chnages:
Chnages to kidney function, Changes to pancreas function,
Pancreatic Changes
There are some pancreatic changes that have been associated with the onset of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, especially the progressive failure of pancreatic beta-cells apparently as a response to insulin resistance and leading to under-production and a loss of pancreatic function (Feinglos & Bethel, 2008; Serrano, 2009). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus can have a circular effect on the pancreas; though it is typically a structural and/or functional degradation...
The production of glucagon, another hormone that, put simply, counters the effects of insulin and has opposing effects on the body by forcing stored glucose into the bloodstream and raising blood sugar levels, addressing some of the complications that can occur in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus as the insulin is both resisted in the body's cells and as production decreases in the pancreas (Leven & Donnelly, 2011). This is not something that occurs in all cases of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and congenital pancreatic degradation is almost always a causal element of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, but pancreatic damage can occur as the result of complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus when it remains untreated or is diagnosed too late (Fineglos & Bethel, 2008; Serrano, 2009; Levene & Donnelly, 2011).
The pancreatic beta-cells that are directly involved in the production of insulin are located in the Islets of Langerhans, in a specific area of the pancreas that can suffer from severe structural damage and change during the course of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus as well as in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus; as this structural change occurs it further degrades the functional capabilities of the pancreas and thus exacerbates the self-propelling cycle of insulin resistance and a lack of insulin production still further (Feinglos & Bethel, 2008; Serrano, 2009). Again, this is not always a result of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and pancreatic degradation is more commonly associated with…
References
Feinglos, M. & Bethel, M. (2008). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. New York: Springer.
Levene, S. & Donnelly, R. (2011). Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. New York: Elsevier.
Serrano, M. (2009). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. New York: Elsevier.
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