Empyema Clinical Manifestation
Empyema: Lung Sounds and other Clinical Manifestations
Over the past decade, empyema has consistently been recognized as an acute, potentially life-threatening respiratory disease. A large number of studies have been conducted over the last years that address the unique symptomatology of empyema and the clinical implications of these symptoms.
The biggest diagnostic challenge of empyema is that patient often present with symptoms very similar and difficult to distinguish from an uncomplicated pneumonia. A patient typically shows symptoms such as fever and chills, excessive sweating, malaise, cough, dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain and unintentional weight loss (Sahn, 2007). These symptoms individually do not warrant a diagnosis of empyema. They do, however, require precautionary follow-up testing that should include a pleural fluid aspiration. The presence of pus -- an opaque, whitish-yellow viscous fluid consisting of serum coagulation proteins, cellular debris and fibrin deposition -- aspirated from the pleural space is a...
A pleural fluid glucose of less than 40 mg/dL and a lactate dehydrogenase level of less than 1000 IU/L are further indications of empyema and the need to drain the pleural space.
Empyema develops from an untreated pneumonia and represents a continuum from clear fluid with low white cell numbers to the characteristic pus and a high white blood count (Walker, Wheeler, Legg, 2011). This fluid aggregation in the pleural space often causes chest pain and reduced lung sounds. The chest pain worsens when the patient breathes in deeply. Associated signs include absent breath sounds, reduced chest expansion, and dullness to percussion (Clark, 2009). Lung sounds may also be "wet" and present as crackles from the build-up of fluid. A case study of a patient who presented with empyema reveals that patients often present with seemingly innocuous symptoms (Buyers, 2010). An examination showed vital signs -- temperature, pulse, blood pressure and oxygen saturation -- that were not out of normal range or cause for concern.…
