.." (Levy, 2005) The fraud was primarily comprised of "cooking the books to make it look as if the company's finances were consistently rosy, so that share prices would steadily keep rising." (Levy, 2005) More than 30 individuals have received criminal charges since 2001 connected to their dealing with Enron which incidentally "was just one of several companies revealed to have been practicing this sort of fraud..." (Levy, 2005) it is interesting that most of these companies are known to have provided hefty contributions to "politicians of every stripe, but had particularly strong links to the Republicans and to Bush." (Levy, 2005)

IV. Enron is Biggest Political Scandal in History

Robert Bryce states in the work entitled: "Pipe Dreams: Greed, Ego and the Death of Enron" that the Enron failure "was a mind-boggling event..." And that the failure of Enron "...happened so quickly and with such devastating impact that no one could have predicted it." In fact, Enron, went Chapter 11 and is stated by Bryce to have "...done it with Texas-style, in the biggest and gaudiest way possible -- with superlative aplenty." (2004) According to Bryce the Enron failure "is the biggest political scandal in American history." (2005) Bryce states:

"Teapot Dome, a scandal involving payoffs to the Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall by a couple of greedy oilmen -- was memorable, but involved very few people. The Watergate scandal was bigger and more pernicious than Teapot Dome, but it, too, involved relatively few people: Tricky Dick Nixon, a dozen or two of his henchmen, and a few inept plumbers. But Enron was different. By the time of its bankruptcy, Enron owned -- or perhaps was just renting -- politicians in the White House, Congress, state courts, state legislature and bureaucrats at every level." (Bryce, 2005)

V. Enron Scandal is Biggest Scandal to Ever Hit Wall Street

Bryce (2005) states that the Enron scandal is the biggest "...ever to his Wall Street." (2005) the Enron scandal is stated to have "ensnared every major investment bank in New York, including Merrill Lynch, Citigroup, J.P. Morgan Chase, UBS, and dozens of others." (2005) Not only did these banks lend Enron large sums of money as well as performing investment banking for...

And the same bankers employed a gaggle of analysts, who, given enough investment banking work by Enron, were happy to put out 'strong buys' on the company's stock." (Bryce, 2005)
VI. Enron Scandal Biggest to Ever Hit Accounting

Bryce (2005) also states that the Enron scandal is the biggest "to ever hit accounting, the world's second oldest profession. The once-great accounting firm Arthur Andersen wasn't just in bed with Enron, the venerable firm was providing the energy company with auditing and consulting services, while sharing office space -- free shredding! -- all in exchange for a $52 million per year in fees." (2005) Finally Bryce states that the Enron collapse is "the most egregious example of executive piracy in American corporate history." (2005)

VII. The Results of the Enron Scandal

Bryce (2005) states that the bankruptcy of Enron 'has changed American investors" in that following the loss of in excess of $70 billion in equity value "American stockholders watched companies that have nothing to do with Enron -- names like General Electric, Tyco, and others -- get hammered because of questions about their accounting. The realization suddenly was that "even the bluest of blue-chip companies could disappear, or be made nearly worthless, almost overnight." (Bryce, 2005)

Summary & Conclusion

It is certain that the banking and investment landscape has changed in the United States since the Enron scandal and the huge amount of money that was lost by American stockholders, investors and the employees of Enron. These changes are of the nature that are critically needed and in fact were needed badly prior to Enron's bankruptcy. While it is unfortunate that companies with integrity in their accounting practices have fallen under fire because of Enron's dishonest, the American people have learned a harsh lesson about taking things at face value -- even when the oldest and bluest of blue chip companies are involved.

Bibliography

Bryce, Robert (2004) Pipe Dreams: Greed, Ego and the Death of Enron. Public Affairs, 2004.

Herivel, Tara and Wright, Paul (2003) Prison Nation: The…