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Executive Order
Less than two months after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, bringing the United States into World War II, the federal government made a decision to remove many Japanese (the majority of whom were Japanese-American citizens) from the west coast of the U.S., allegedly for security reasons. This paper reviews that decision and the ramifications from Executive Order 9066.
The main justification for Executive Order 9066 was that some Japanese on the west coast allegedly "…posed a threat to national security," according to Roger Daniels, professor of English at The University of Illinois and author of Prisoners without Trial: Japanese-American in World War II. The executive order signed by President Franklin Roosevelt (9066) caused about 120,000 Japanese (two-thirds were American citizens) to be confined to camps (some called them "concentration camps" but they were in no way death camps such as the Nazis had put in place in Germany) for up to four years.
They were called "internment camps" and Daniels explained that the camps were "…surrounded by barbed wire and by troops whose guns were pointed at the...
Of the 1,862 Japanese who died in those camps "almost all" died of natural causes (some were killed "accidentally" by the guards); but the births in the camps greatly outnumbered the deaths (5,918 babies were born) (Daniels, p. 2).
The ten internment camps included: Amache (Colorado); Gila River (Arkansas); Heart Mountain (Wyoming); Jerome (Arkansas); Manzanar and Tula Lake (California); Minidoka (Idaho); Poston (Arizona); and Topaz (Utah). Daniels asserts that the real reason -- notwithstanding the official government justification -- was because Americans were shocked by the devastating attack in Hawaii and that rage "…created the opportunity for American racists to get their views accepted by the national leadership" (p. 2). The U.S. Congress approved "and implemented everything done to the Japanese" (Daniels, p. 2). Even the Supreme Court approved of the internment of 120,000 Japanese-Americans; but one of the dissenters, Justice Black, wrote: "I dissent, therefore, from this legalization of racism. Racial discrimination in any form and in any degree has no justifiable part whatever in our democratic way of life…it is…
Works Cited
Daniels, Roger (1993). Prisoners without Trial: Japanese-American in World War II. New York:
Hill and Wang.
Privacy SOS. (2003). Japanese-American Internment Camps. Retrieved December 16, 2012,
from http://www.privacysos.org.
United States History. (2004). Japanese Internment. Retrieved December 16, 2012, from http://www.u-s-history.com.
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