Web ontology language and semantic applications for electronic journal citation systems

Extant literature has been dedicated on the study of semantic web and web ontology language. Sari and Ayuningtyas (2010) discusses the implementation of Web Ontology as well as Semantic application for the purpose of electronic journal citation system. Their paper reviews the application of web ontology as well as semantic web applications in the creation of an electronic journal citation system in Indonesia. Their ontology gives a description of all the components of the requisite relationship. They created the basic building blocks used in the design of the ontology. These included the class, slot as well as the instance. The purpose of semantic application which they built was to classify various information which is gathered from articles in order to build an electronic journal with the ability to relate the articles that are cited within the articles. Their system was implemented by means of popular ontology tools like Protege.The Mashup used was developed by means of PHP and MySQL. The application was ontology model's results were contained in an XML file. The result could be submitted by a Librarian through a specially designed web form on the system in order to upload as well as parse the XML file into the application's database. The various users could then locate the articles that they need via the web-based system. The application was tested by a total of ten users who were able to discover the effectiveness of the system when used by domain experts and librarians. The outcome showed that Protege is a very good ontology editor that can be used effectively to construct various domain models for use in web ontology. Their generated user interface was superb.

Summary of web

The work by Sari and Ayuningtyas (2010) gave rise to certain key conclusions on web ontology. These are:

The development of web ontology as well as a semantic application can be actualized by means of a prepared design

The use of ontology modeling can be utilized for the making of a system for electronic journal citation application

The use of ontology modeling can give a concise meaning by means of symbols, slots class names as well as instances in order to come up with an application that can effectively describe the semantics of a given contents of a document

The benefits associated with the use of a semantic approach is the short access times for the required information

Emerging technologies of web

Liu and Wang (2007) presented a paper on the emerging technologies of Web Reasoning Achitecture while using GOPT-Resolution applications.They noted that the world wide web has become one of the most important aspects of our daily lives. However, the use of Emerging Technologies of Web Reasoning Architectures Using GOPT-Resolution Applications gives a concise goal-oriented resolution by means of partial intersection coupled with truncation techniques (GOPT-Resolution). This provides an ideal network for minimizing the required search during the derivation times and hence making it perfectly ideal in the creation of web reasoning by means of GOPT-Resolution and the analysis of the current research domains in the context of Semantic Web.This is done through the utilization of a good number of case studies that explore the various relationships that exists between the GOPT-Resolution as well as the current Semantic Web techniques.These include

RDF

OWL

OOWIS

Chiu et al. (2009) discusses the process of integrating web as well as Object-Oriented Programming for the purpose of coming up with a cooperative design. They point out the fact that Object-oriented programming (OOP) mark a major paradigm for the field of development of design software tool .They also note that there is an emergence in the requirements through the introduction of semantics to the field in order to achieve a relatively heterogeneous information sharing platform. They however point out that there are a lot of challenges that are present in the process of such integration. As an illustration, they pointed out the fact that the use of object methods in order to manipulate the RDF dataset and the automatic conversion of data into the required RDF format as well as the coming up with the many supporting programming languages. There are however certain limitations related to the description of various capabilities that are integral to the definition of the relationship among the various object oriented classes which this case exceeded the ones for the RDF. This in effect hinders a direct mapping between the object-oriented classes as well as the Semantic Web classes. Their proposed framework for semantic web (Semantic Web Framework-SOF) makes use of embedded comments that exists in the source code in order to describe the various relationships that exist between the attributes and classes. The operation of their proposed system is illustrated by means of a mobile phone case study. The focus of their paper was based on the publications of RDF model documents models in order to aid in providing SOF solutions needed for the automated conversion of various tasks. This is of course as opposed to the current methods that have a manual conversion requirement of the various model objects in a format that is triple-oriented. The model proposed by Chiu et al. (2009) can be utilized to modify various class as well as attribute semantics that are normally embedded in the program's code. This is usually done in order to enhance the various descriptions of the many relationships that exist between the attributes and classes that are employed in the object-oriented languages. There is a merit associated with their technique since there is an automatic preservation of the synchronization of the various descriptions of the relationships that exists between the program codes and the classes. Their paper is based on a technique that allows or rather supports multiple programming languages.The employed SOF approach provides an efficient and yet direct publications movement for the Semantic web. This has the merit of allowing the various users to perform various queries across data sources that are heterogeneous in form. This also allows for the positive incorporation of various positive features to the Semantic web and the Object Oriented programming. The main contribution of the work by Chiu et al. (2009) is attributed to the fact that it can contribute to the embedding of various semantic descriptions in the programs' source code without the need for making changes to the program's language syntax. There is a need to mention that the technique employed allows for the putting of the various semantic descriptions in the program's class descriptions. This leads to a change in the Java syntax as well as the need for rewriting of the program's compilers. The authors points out the need for developing tools that possess or rather have the quality of interoperability. They outline the importance of SOF in the provision of better solutions for the various developers in the extension of the semantic features for the various object-oriented compilers as well as the interpreters. This is done without the need of rewriting the source codes.

Development tools

Chiu et al. (2009) further points out the fact that the various developmental tools that are in existence in the development of SOF are not sufficient. This is mainly in the domain of various automation supports that are needed in the development environment (IDE). As pointed out earlier by Astel (2002), the IDE development environment is important in the process of coming up with programs using languages that require supporting of auto-complete and dynamic checking of syntax as well as the manual synchronization of various semantic diagrams as well as program codes. The scholars also illustrate the fact that there is a possibility of coming across illegal syntax of the SOF or a conflict of SOF statements. This therefore requires the coming up with more efficient and powerful tools that can automatically analyze the existing problem and in the process report the acquired result in a manner that can be utilized by various developers.

Lu et al. (2006) discusses the various forms of e-service intelligence. These include the methodologies, required technologies as well as the applications. Their literature offers a comprehensive introduction as well as a systematic overview in the field of new field. Their research covers about 15 countries as well as regions. It also covers a variety of state of the art research work and the development of various applications and theorems. There are five parts that they covered in the ESI. These are:

E-services as well as intelligent techniques

The presentation of web information, searching and mining of data

The personalization as well as privacy and trust

E-service evaluation, their optimization as well as knowledge discovery

The development of intelligent systems

Li et al. (2008) discusses how to carry out remote sensing of various information processing services on the basis of semantic web services. They point out the fact that the recent development in the field of remote sensing using satellites has led to the obtaining of a large quantity of remote sensing data at a good rate. However, the fact that heterogeneous storage which has resulted to the inability to make use of resources from various different stations as well as the inability to operate various different domain in a manual manner or to effectively share the resources. The authors pointed out the fact that the integration of semantic Web with the existing remote sensing processes can help in solving the problem. The ability of the remote sensing of information to provide certain functions in an online environment is superb. This results in dynamic transfer of information across the web. The authors further points out the fact that semantic information processing gives rise to semantic-based service reasoning and descriptions. This leads to an automatic web. The building of an environment fuelled by the semantic web leads to the combining of various advantages of various aspects and respects while conducting a service-oriented study. This result in a deeper appreciation of semantic services in providing richer and improved services for various users. Li et al. (2008) provide a discussion of the various classifications of remote sensing and information processing services as well as an ontology-based service that makes use of semantic description. They then proceed to give the actual process of developing and then implementing the service. Their article put extreme emphasis on the various classifications of remote sensing and information processing services. The semantic description aspect is also adequately covered. Their study however showed that it is possible to integrate web services into the domain of remote sensing and information processing. They also point out the fact that the application of semantic web services in the development of various remote-sensing and information processing are still in their infancy.

Paul and Holohan (2009) studies the application of semantic web technology in the support of learning content development.They point out the fact the semantic web is based on an ontology technology.This is because it uses a knowledge representation framework at its center in order to make a valuable meaning and a more accessible processing that is automatic. The authors discusses the potential use of web ontology technology in the development of various content to be used for the purpose of making learning technology systems. They present a total of seven different applications types in order to demonstrate different forms of applications of the ontologies as well as Semantic Web.

Applications of ontologies

The researchers point out that the ontologies can be used in order to: Assist various developers, instructors and learners in:

Organizing

Personalizing

Publishing of contents in order to help them in discovering, generating and composing of various learning content.

The researchers point out the fact that the process of developing the content as well as deploying the architecture allows the developers to distinguish and locate the various applications so as to make the content in question explicitly available. The authors point out the fact that ontology technologies can facilitate the making of the inherent knowledge structure of the available content to be explicit. They point out two important knowledge types that are crucial for describing the ontologies.These are:

Instructional knowledge- which is necessary when developing a structure for the educational documents.There is need to make use of education specific languages such as EML as pointed out by Koper (2001) as well as its predecessor, IMS Learning Design LD as illustrated by IMIS (2003)

It is worth noting that Paul and Holohan (2009) considered an antology to be acting as some form of taxonomy.

Subject specific knowledge-This can be utilized in the supporting the educational process structuring. This elements presents an additional dimension in the process of accessing of the document in a form that is a query which is subject related.

Paul and Holohan (2009) talks of the introduction of a vocabulary with the intention of classification.The various domain ontologies are evaluated and utilized. An important fact comes out of their work. This is related to the limitation which is associated with the use of markup as an integral restructuring tool. They also point the fact that the existing standards such as LOM are never enough as they do not have adequate coverage of all the important factors that are necessary to maintain and effectively support operations of automation.The study by Paul and Holohan (2009) yielded a number of aspects regarding applications build on the semantic web concept.These are;

It brought out the fact that the relationship between knowledge as well as content is made or rather rendered explicit whenever ontologies are utilized in the process of creating, organizing and describing various contents (educational) The acquired knowledge which is explicit is used in the provision of an easy and yet flexible access to various content as well as the description of various learning content. The merits of which include flexibility in the access to the various content and also the creation of structures that are important to the general presentation. Web ontology can therefore be used in the creation of efficient knowledge management systems.

The use of ontologies allows for the ease of reuse and sharing.This theme become svey evident as the ontologies are the perfect enablers and creation of perfect environment for reusing various resources in various context. Ontologies can therefore result in the making of various resources available by means of using certain standardized and yet accessible representation of the necessary knowledge.

The use of ontology as well as semantic Web is integral in the creation of a vision as well as technologies that are important in the solution of various problems in our society. One of the main causes of problems in common research and developments in this field was noted to be the use of various standards as well as tools.The use of OWL is also made popular as a result of its ability and design of providing solutions by means of certain standardized tools. It is also supported by various editors.

Research areas

Kumar and Kumar (2009) presented observations on the Semantic Web Service process as well as the tools and applications. They point out the fact that semantic web is poised to be the next generation of our current web. They also point out the fact that this domain is marked with several current research works. According to them semantic web can be considered to be a content-aware and intelligent web. The various research domains in semantic web are:

Reasoning

Languages

Discovery of processes

The use of web ontology in the integration of databases

Lam et al. (2006) presented a paper that discusses the use of web ontology in the integration of heterogeneous databases in field of neuroscience. Their research is in the field of integrative neuroscience which entails the integration of various forms of neuroscience data that are sourced from different experimental methods. They point out the element of interoperability and how it is impossible to achieve in the existing schemas due to the fact that the databases employed never expose their schemas as well as the contents to the general web. In order to take care of this problem, they come up with a description of pilot project aimed at illustrating how certain databases such as neuroscience based one can be expressed via a Web Ontology Language to enable interoperability. They point out that OWL is a semantically rich ontological language with a common way of representing data in order to facilitate a complex and semless queries that are cross-database. They made use of a special tool referred to as "D2RQ" in order to translate two independent neurological databases. The resulting ontologies were ultimately merged.They then made use of an OWL-based reasoned referred to as Racer in order to provide a relatively sophisticated query language. This was then used to perform the cross database queries. Their research illustrates how ontologies can efficiently be merged by means of OWL in order to allow for queries via nRQL while utilizing Racer for this operation. The scholars illustrate the fact that there are many limitations that surround the current use of ontologies in the current web technologies. The research however conclusively illustrates how semantic web can effectively be intersected with neuroscience.

Liu and Roddick (2009) discuss GOPT resolution with various applications. They discuss some strategies like the SLF-resolution.They postulate that a derivation of such a resolution may be infinite in logic programs that follow the rules of finite Herbrand universe. Their paper provides a concrete definition of GOPT-resolution with a strategy that can be considered to be one of new deductions aimed at deriving various solutions from a given set of rules. The rules are set with the intention of improving on the various available and previous methods through the prevention of various derivations that possess infinite recursions.The literature categorically outlines the various processes that are behind the original development of GOPT-resolution. This is through the initial development of PT-resolution on the basis of the spatial intersection as well as truncation.The-GOPT resolution is then devised and developed through a concise distinguishing of the various goal irrelevant but necessary P-domains.

Applications of web reasoning

Liu and Roddick (2009) further discusses the applications of web reasoning.They point out the fact that Semantic web has currently become an integral aspect of research domain and in general has been regarded as a layer that is heavy. This is as postulated by other authors such as Schwartz (2003).The approach that is commonly utilized is the bottom-up approach as postulated by Le et al. (2009).This has therefore attracted a lot of researcher attention. The authors further provides an in-depth differentiation of ordinary logic program from a logic program that is built and based on web. The later is noted to be dynamic.

Conclusion

The Integration of GOPT-Resolution and OWL for Web Reasoning is an achievable through the U.S. Of the available technologies. Care must be taken in order tlo avoid programming errors.

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