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¶ … External Validity - is the degree to which the conclusions of a study would hold true under different circumstances.
Field Experiment -- are experiments that are conducted outside of a laboratory.
Internal Validity - is the approximate truth about inferences in regards to cause and effect.
is a proposed explanation for an observed occurrence
Operationalization -- is the process of defining something that is not clear so that it can be measurable and testable.
Treatment levels -- the level at which a treatment is administered to an experimental variable.
Reliability - is the consistency of a set of measurements or instrument.
Internal Consistency -- is a measurement of the correlations between different items on the same test.
Validity -- the degree to which something accurately reflects the concept that is being measured.
Content Validity -- is the extent to which a measurement returns the specific intended outcome.
Criterion-Related Validity - is the measure of how well one variable predicts an outcome based on information from other variables.
1. Distinguish between the following:
a) internal validity and external validity - internal validity is the approximate truth about inferences regarding cause and effect and external validity is the degree to which the conclusions of a study would hold true under different circumstances.
b) Preexperimental design and quasi-experimental design- a Preexperimental design is a design that acts as a blueprint for the actual research and a quasi-experimental design is a design that resembles a quantitative or qualitative research design but lacks controls.
c) history and maturation -- history refers to events that take place outside of the experiment that may affect participants' responses to the experiment and maturation refers to the change that occurs during the course of an experiment.
d) random sampling, randomization, and matching - random sampling refers to the choosing subjects to participate in an experiment on a purely random basis in which all subjects have the same chance of being selected. Randomization is the process of making something random and matching is the reduction of bias when analyzing data.
e) environmental variables and extraneous variables -- environmental variables are variable that exist in the environment that can have an effect on the subject while extraneous variables are variables other than the independent variable that may have an effect on subject being studied.
Variable vs. Absorption Costing Whether to use variable or absorption costing would depend on the type of decisions the information is being evaluated for. Variable costing provides a better understanding of the effects of fixed costs, allows better understanding and ease in using cost control methods, provides information for CVP (cost volume profit analysis), and is closer to cash flows (Variable costing vs. absorption costing, 2012). Absorption costing is used in
VARIABLES The variables that I chose to assess in this case for possible correlation are poverty and crime. Poverty in this case will be discussed in the context of communal poverty. In general terms, poverty could be defined as the lack of financial resources to meet basic and other needs. It could be measured in a variety of ways. One of the most prominent ways of measuring poverty levels is income,
variable and fixed costs? There are plenty of differences between 'fixed costs', and 'variable costs'. While variable costs are those that can be varied according to the changes taking place, fixed costs are those costs of investment goods that are used by the firm or company, with the idea that it would only be through wearing them out by way of the production of goods or by services for sale
Human Trafficking The goal to eradicate human trafficking in today's modern society is an admirable one, and one that should be attainable. As Gallagher states in a 2011 study "The TVPA lays down minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking as well as detailed criteria for evaluating the performance of states" (Gallagher, 2011, p. 381). Gallagher goes on to compare the TVPA with similar international laws and finds that on an
Internal Validity Is maturation a possible threat to the internal validity of the study? Why or why not? For measures of academic achievement, six months (which is the intended length of the study) is not a long enough period of time to be very concerned about maturation as a threat to internal validity. Most academic achievement tests have longer durations. Maturation is something to be considered because of the varying ages of
women's entrepreneurs: Evidence from an East African Economy (Ethiopia) It is an established fact that the Micro and Small Enterprise (MSE) sectors can help large parts of the populace in underdeveloped economies like Ethiopia as the means for livelihood. African women are beleaguered with societal and cultural challenges and overall entrepreneurial attributes, and that is reflected in the lack of their entrepreneurship development. This study hence takes up the issues