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Muscular System
Functions of Muscle Tissue
The muscular system comprises skeletal muscle tissue, tendons, blood vessels, and nerves. The skeletal muscles are core to the body's movement since they pull on bones causing movement at the joints. Movements made by different body parts include chewing, running, running, and manipulating objects. Contraction and relaxation of muscle tissues and muscle metabolism generate heat that is critical for maintaining temperature homeostasis (Mukund & Subramaniam, 2019). The muscle system consists of the nervous system that conveys signals to and from the muscles facilitating communication. The circulation of blood in the body relies on the involuntary movement of the blood vessels and the heart muscles to supply blood to all organs in the body. Muscles also generate a constant contractile force that helps individuals maintain an upright or seated posture.
Microscopic and Macroscopic Structure of Muscle
The microscopic structure of muscles includes skeletal muscles attached to bones and consists of long multinucleated fibers. The fibers run the entire muscle length and are unbranched formed from the fusion of precursor cells. The muscles comprise three connective tissues endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium (Gnther et al., 2018). The epimysium is the outermost layer that encircles the entire muscle. The perimysium surrounds bundles between 10 to 100 of fiber and separates fibers into bundles called fascicles. Endomysium is found inside the fascicles and separates muscle fibers from other fibers. The contraction of muscles resulted in the release of calcium ions from terminal cisterns, while their relaxation resulted in the storage of calcium ions.
The macroscopic structure of muscles refers organization of tissues depending on the bone structure, either compact bone or spongy bone. Parallel arrays of lamellae are organized into different arrangements; in tubular bones, the lamellae are oriented towards the direction of the load-bearing axis (Gnther et al., 2018). Osteons create central canals for the passage of blood vessels. The lamellae in a spongy bone form a mesh-like structure of interconnected plates called trabeculae. Trabeculae are organized on the bone axis that undergoes the most stress in a spongy bone.
References
Gnther, M., Haeufle, D., & Schmitt, S. (2018). The basic mechanical structure of the skeletal muscle machinery: One model for linking microscopic and macroscopic scales.Journal Of Theoretical Biology,456, 137-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.07.023
Mukund, K., & Subramaniam, S. (2019). Skeletal muscle: A review of molecular structure and function, in health and disease.Wires Systems Biology And Medicine,12(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/wsbm.1462
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