¶ … Health Behavior
The "Theories At A Glance" manual discussed a variety of healthy behaviors. Select two theories that can be used to explain why people behave the way they do. Discuss the basic premise and constructs of the theories you choose. Cite two examples of how each theory could be used to explain a health behavior.
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
The relationship that exists between behavior and attitudes, beliefs and intention is studied under TPB (Theory of Planned Behavior). TRA (Theory of Reasoned Action) is also associated with TPB. According to TRA and TPB, behavior is mainly determined by behavioral intention. These models show that the attitude of an individual affects behavioral intention. Hence, the behavior of a person towards the performance of some particular behavior is also influenced. In addition to this, beliefs concerning individuals who have close association (these people have the decision making power of approving or disapproving the exposed behavior) also affects behavioral intention. In view of TRA and TPB, all other relevant social or behavioral factors cannot work in the absence of models' constructs. Moreover, these models do not provide any explanation about the possibility of an individual's action in a particular situation (NCI, 2011).
TRA and TPB are not similar. TPB is comprised of perceived behavioral control construct too. According to this construct, people have the belief and power to control certain behavioral actions or responses. This construct was included by Azjen and Driver when they observed individuals in certain situations when they were unable to control their behavior. The reason for such behavioral intention or people's behavior was attributed to factors not in control. According to them, if people think that they can control a specific behavior, they tend to perform it more often (refer to Table 4). Situations cannot restrict the applicability of this model; nevertheless, it is clear that behavior is also affected by the people's perception of controllability (NCI, 2011).
According to surveillance data, there is a higher possibility that acculturated Hispanic women would undergo Pap tests, in comparison to the older, less acculturated ones. A cervical cancer screening program was initiated by the health department, targeting older Hispanic women. This would include a survey, via which the intentions, attitudes and beliefs of the population would be figured out. The survey asked when had the women taken their Pap test last (behavior); the likelihood of them taking one (intention); the general attitude about the test (attitude); whether we'd recommend this test to someone we know (subjective norm); and whether the choice to get the test or not, is under the individual's control (perceived behavioral control). All this would be considered, when carrying out the survey, so that the intentions, attitudes, beliefs could be noted. This would enable the researchers to identify the ones seeking a Pap test (NCI, 2011).
The TPB's explanation for the intention behind any determined behavior is shown in Figure 3 (above). It also shows the way, perceived behavioral control, subjective norm and behavior influence behavioral intention. The model states that the attitudes of behavior are molded via the belief of motivation and social standards which are derived from the outcome and the performance of the behavior itself and that they comply with the subjective norms affect. The ease of performing any behavior would depend on the presence or lack of things, when talking about the perceived behavioral control. Thereby, behavior is derived from a chain of intentions, attitudes and beliefs (NCI, 2011).
Precaution Adoption Process Model
Seven distinct stages of the journey are specified in the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM). This ranges from the lack of awareness of maintenance and/or adoption of a behavior. This is a newer model that has been applicable to various health behaviors, including: home testing for radon gas, hepatitis B vaccination, mammography, colorectal cancer screening and osteoporosis prevention (NCI, 2011).
There are a number of stages through which an individual goes through as far as the process of PAMP is concerned. Stage one is the phase of ignorance, when the person does not have any knowledge about the danger (for example he is not aware of hazards like HIV, radon exposure and sex without protections being used). Within the second phase the individual gets aware of the hazard but is not engaged in it. The next four stages (i.e. from stage three to six) are concerned with acting, stage 3 includes the decision of acting, and then they decide whether they have to act (stage 5) or they do not have to take any action (stage 4). Stage six is also concerned with acting but primarily the act of maintenance (See figure 4). Individuals...
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