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While it is almost certain that intelligence ahs a neurological basis, the extent to which intelligence is determined by neurological and chemical changes is not fully understood. A recent study suggests that changing hormone levels prior to and during puberty have a large effect on intelligence; high salivary testosterone levels in ten-year-old boys showed a positive correlation with intelligence, but a negative correlation in twelve-year-olds (Shangguan & Shi 2009). This shows that intelligence can be quite fluid, and can even be affected quite differently by the same mechanisms. The exact nature of the changing influence testosterone seems to provide or signal is not known, but the correlation demands further study.
These three different research studies display very different theories of intelligence. In the first study, accepted methods of cognitive relationships with the environment are valid, if perhaps somewhat inaccurate at the extremes of the intelligence spectrum. The second study points out the unnecessary effects of such inaccuracies when more accurate measures of cognitive performance are available; this could be considered something of a "memory theory" of intelligence (CJ 2009). The final study examines the purely physiological basis of intelligence, purposefully setting aside environmental influences and focusing on chemical factors. Taken as a while, these studies show several of the different theories and perspectives that can be brought to bear on the issue...
This is not a problem from a purely scientific point-of-view; science is progressed through such disagreements and resultant theoretical shifts and refinements. Given the practical and influential uses to which intelligence tests are put, however, there is a large practical pressure to define intelligence as accurately as possible as quickly as possible. Despite -- in fact because of -- their disagreement, these studies promise to further that end.
References
CJ. (2009). "Working memory predicts learning outcomes." Psychologist 22910), pp. 827.
Shangguan, F. & Shi, J. (2009). "Puberty timing and fluid intelligence: A study of correlations between testosterone and intelligence in 8- to 12-year-old Chinese boys." Psychoneuroendocrinology 34(7), pp. 983-8.
Whitaker, S. & Wood, J. (2007). "The Distribution of Scaled Scores and Possible Floor Effects on the WISC-III and WAIS-III." Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities, 21(2), pp. 136-41.
This type of research suggests that there is a correlation between general intelligence (g) and physiological factors such as development stability and general physical fitness. One might develop the research question further by investigating whether intelligence can be manipulated by means of increasing actual physical fitness levels by means of exercise, for example. Since it has long been an accepted fact that the body and mind function as a mutually
Intelligence Testing Intelligence and achievement are very different. Intelligence is a measure of one's aptitude, or ability, which is in essence a measure of potential. It is actually only a measure of potential in one skill area -- the cognitive. Intelligence testing is usually focused on things like problem solving and pattern recognition. Intelligence testing continues to be an evolving field as well, with the definitions of intelligence being challenged and
Animal testing or animal experimentation is a necessary evil. At least that is what some say. Others believe animal testing should cease as society evolves past the need to experiment on living creatures. The topic remains a hot button issue. It rings especially true for those who adopt a vegan lifestyle and believe animals should have the same rights as people in terms of value of life and so forth. Although
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classroom, regardless of the age of the learner, we realize that there are multiple learning styles and responses to divergent stimuli. The modern pedagogical environment is faced with a number of challenges that are directly related to learning. In fact, as an educational pendulum swings, we find any number of methods that are thought to be new and innovative; yet it is sometimes the tried and true methods that
police adopted intelligence-Led policing? What are the problems associated with its implementations? Over time, policing methods have advanced, with the most recent strategy in improving response time of police being intelligence-led policing (or ILP). ILP is still in its initial developmental stages, is still not wholly understood, and has not yet been adopted by all agencies (Taylor, Kowalyk and Boba 2007). Studying police managers' views and attitudes can help recognize