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Environmental Noise May Have a Negative Impact on Human Cognitive Abilities
Environmental noise may have a negative impact on our cognitive abilities. In contrast, competition may attenuate the negative effects of noise on cognitive abilities. Further, noise and competition may interact in their effect on cognitive abilities. In this study, researchers attempted to determine if environmental noise reduced the performance of participants in a visual task. Specifically, participants were asked to locate objects in a picture, and then exposed to noise alone, competition alone, or noise and competition, or no noise or competition. Competition was defined as the presence of a $20 award, while noise was defined as white noise.
Participants were timed in the cognitive task.
There is compelling evidence that noise can alter human cognitive abilities. A recent study published in Psychological Science demonstrates the potentially negative effect of noise on human cognitive processing. The study of 326 children showed that those who were exposed to the noise of jet aircraft flying overhead had impaired reading ability and short-term memory. The authors note that the deleterious effects of noise can be reduced in a quite environment (Hygge, Evans & Bullinger, 2002)....
Interestingly, Deci, Koestner & Ryan (1999) note that competition may increase motivation and thus performance. This study argues that external competition and noise will interact, affecting the amount of time it may take to complete the visual task.
However, there is also evidence to suggest that there will be no interaction between noise and competition. Deci, Koestner & Ryan (1999) also note that there is significant evidence to suggest that competition often does not increase motivation, and thus can have a negative effect on human motivation. As such, increased competition may have no impact on the effect of noise on cognitive abilities. Further, increased competition may actually decrease the effect of noise on cognitive abilities. One possible explanation for these divergent outcomes is the effect of motivation on cognitive abilities. Deci, Koestner & Ryan (1999) note that increased competition may actually decrease motivation, by increasing personal stress, and creating a self-fulfilling perception within the subject that they may fail at the task at hand. This effect may either cause external competition to negate the effects of noise on the subject's ability to locate objects in a picture, or it may cause external competition to have no effect…
Works Cited
Deci, E.L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R.M. (1999). A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 627-668.
Hazeltine, E., Poldrack, R. & Gabrieli, J.D. (2000). Neural activation during response competition. J Cogn Neurosci 2000;12 Suppl 2:118-29. PubMed Abstract.
Hygge, S., Evans, G.W., and Bullinger, M. (2002). A Prospective Study of Some Effects of Aircraft Noise on Cognitive Performance in Schoolchildren. Psychological Science, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 469-474(6).
McConnell, J.V. (1989), Understanding human behavior. 6th edition. Fort Worth: Holt, Rinehard and Winston, Inc.
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