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International Economics
The world's trading nations have become increasingly interdependent because advances in communication and transportation have reduced or removed barriers to these activities thereby increasing the demand for trade. Further, major trading nations have for the past several decades actively sought to remove trade barriers between themselves, in order to further encourage trade.
The major arguments for an open trading system is that it will result in more economically efficient trade, thereby raising overall economic activity, and by extension the wealth of nations. Arguments against can be broad -- such as open trading delivers unequal outcomes because those with high amounts of power make the rules, and those rules invariably reflect their own interests above the interests of others. More niche arguments include infant industry arguments and the need for restrictions on trade based on national security concerns.
Chapter 2, 1.. Modern trade theory is concerned with the questions of economic efficiency and optimizing outcomes. Modern trade theory has moved beyond basic H-O assumptions to study a more realistic world where there are differences between nations, and incorporating these differences into trade theory.
2. Smith's views on trade were more aligned with the concept of free trade. Mercantilists...
Smith saw this is inefficient compared with open trade.
Chapter 3, 1. Transportation costs affect comparative advantage between nations. Higher transportation costs can offset lower factor costs. It is one source among many of comparative advantage. For example, it is cheaper for the U.S. To buy cars from Canada, which has high wages, than from South Africa, which has low wages, for a number of reasons, but transportation costs are among them.
2. When transportation costs are low, nations have more competitive markets for factor inputs. The U.S., for example, can buy steel from Asia at lower cost than to produce steel itself, because of lower transportation costs. When transportation costs were higher, it was economically inefficient to do so. A more competitive global marketplace for goods will reduce factor input costs via competition.
Chapter 4, 13. A tariff imposed on oil imports could theoretically increase U.S. development of oil resources, if cost was the major reason that those resources are presently undeveloped.
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A bonded warehouse is where the goods are stored under government inspection. A foreign trade zone is a designated city or area where foreign goods are…
Chapter 5, 10. The cost of that policy would be higher car prices, the benefit would be to protect U.S. jobs in the auto industry, that might otherwise go to foreign companies. In 1980, the issue was specifically the Japanese auto industry, which through its superior efficiency and quality -- not to mention smaller cars - was winning significant market share away from U.S. automakers. Such a policy would not provide sufficient incentive for the U.S. automakers to innovate, and likely they would continue to produce uncompetitive cars if given such protections.
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If Japan exercised auto restraints, that might temporarily reduce the number of Japanese cars available in the U.S., increasing their price. But as demand would remain high, Japanese automakers would likely just set up plants elsewhere -- Korea, Canada, etc. -- in order to produce cars for the American market. They may also choose to produce in the U.S., if that country had competitive advantage in auto production, and in some cases that is what ultimately happened.
International Economics (a) What are the alleged advantages of a fixed over a flexible exchange rate system? How do advocates of flexible exchange rates respond? Fixed exchange rate system guards against wild day-to-day fluctuations which discourage specialization in production and flow of international trade and investment a position that advocates of flexible exchange rate detest. They aver that destabilizing speculation is less likely to occur when exchange rates adjust continuously. In the wake of
Due to the cases of swine flu in California, the Chinese government issues policies that do not allow the import of any products that have come into contact with California (Workman, 2009). This means that the cargo must be transported to other regions, further increasing operational costs and reducing the efficiency of American organizations exporting to China. Another characteristic of the international trade policies implemented by the Chinese government refers
Economics of International Trade China Exploring the Economics of International Trade: China "Chinese international trade has experienced rapid expansion together with its dramatic economic growth which has made the country to target the world as its market," and its expansion has only continued to show powerful growth within the international economic marketplace (Sun & Heshmati, 2010, p 1). After China was reopened to trading with the West in 1978, the country has
International trade regulations refer to a set of codified rules and laws that manage, control and regulate all types of trade among different countries of the world. Based on the theory of economic liberalism, these regulations came into existence in the backdrop of World War II. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was the first multilateral treaty formed to regulate the rapidly rising trend of cross border trade. The fast
International Trade and Open Economy Microeconomics Why there is free trade between states in the United States but not necessary between countries Trade between states in the United States is not restricted as this may hurt the entire wider American economy. United States in a way restricts free trade between it and other countries for a number of reasons. To start us off, the United States government uses tools like tariffs and
(5). This paper provides further illustration of trade barrier to provide greater understanding on the method barrier to trade hurts economy. Fig 1 reveals the effects of international trade without trade barrier. From the graph, DD refers to domestic demand and DS means domestic supply, and the price of good is found at P, and the world price is found at P. However, domestic consumer will consume at Qw because