Leadership
On the surface, Military Leadership and Virtual Leadership seem like polar opposites. Military leadership is old, entrenched, and traditional with little flexibility in terms of normative behavior. On the other hand, virtual leadership is new, highly flexible, and sometimes signals a flat organizational hierarchy. Military leadership cannot exhibit a flat organizational hierarchy, because effective military leadership depends on the ascription to established structure and chain of command. In spite of these core differences, military leadership and virtual leadership share much in common. Both require trust, morale, and loyalty among team members. The difference is that usually the virtual leader has to work harder to gain trust and keep member morale high. Both military leadership and virtual leadership address immediate and real life situations as well as remote situations distant in both space and time. Various leadership styles can work with a military leader and a virtual leader, including transactional and transformational leadership. Therefore, military leadership and virtual leadership are more similar than different, and are of equal value in most situations.
Military Leadership
Military leadership is not confined to one situation, and there are many situational variables that can impact military leadership. The American military defines leadership in broad terms because of this fact. "There is no one single way to view leadership. If you want to be an effective leader, therefore, you will ?nd it useful to study more than one leadership model or theory," ("Leadership Traits and Behaviors," p. 13). There are no clear definitions of exactly how a military leader should act, because each leader will have a different approach or style. However, leadership within the military context presumes certain features about the organization, its organizational culture, its mission, values, and goals.
Ultimately, the goals of leadership in the military remain the same regardless of individual leader differences. The United States Army "defines leadership as influencing people by providing purpose, direction, and motivation, while operating to accomplish the mission and improve the organization," ("Leadership Traits and Behaviors," p. 15). This broad definition illustrates that military leadership is not so different from virtual leadership.
Virtual Leadership
By definition, virtual leadership occurs in virtual teams -- which are comprised of individuals at distant geographic locations. Other than this contextual variable, virtual leadership can take on many forms. Some kinds of virtual leadership are military in orientation, which is why military leadership and virtual leadership sometimes go hand in hand.
Virtual leaders can be participative-democratic, transformational, transactional, authoritarian, or charismatic. There is no right or wrong leadership style in a virtual setting. The key to virtual leadership is to organize communications, and create shared values and goals that all members can commit to. A virtual team is often a temporary team. Therefore, virtual leadership is highly contextual and prone to situational variables and constraints.
Similarities
Virtual leadership and military leadership theories share many elements in common. In fact, they can go hand in the same situation. Many military situations require remote leadership. A commander could be located at the base or in the Pentagon. His or her leadership is expressed not in person but through the technology channels available to the military. Therefore, one of the features that virtual leadership and military leadership share in common is reliance on technology for achieving team goals. Technology is crucial to both virtual leadership and military leadership. Virtual leadership would not exist without technology, whereas military leadership has been around since the first human civilizations waged wars.
Both virtual leadership and military leadership theories rely on motivation and morale. Military leadership will fail if troop morale is low. Therefore, one of the most important roles of the military leader is to boost morale by serving in a coaching position when necessary. In a virtual team, coaching and motivation are also important. Team members can experience low morale when their roles are poorly defined, or the mission...
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