Learning Educational Psychology Multiple Choice:

¶ … Learning

Educational Psychology

Multiple Choice: select the best answer

The ultimate goal of teaching is knowledge lifelong expert learning motivation volition

Which one of the following factors does NOT influence a person's skill and will to learn?

Common sense

Knowledge

Motivation

Self-discipline

Another term for self-discipline that is characteristics of self-regulated learners is common sense context motivation volition

When studies are based only on observations, the results should be expressed as cause-and-effect relationships descriptions principles theories

In what specific type of research would a researcher be likely to serve as a participant-observer?

Correlational

Descriptive

Ethnographic

Experimental

The most likely correlation between height and shoe size of adults is anywhere between +0.00 and +0.50 close to zero negative positive

Which of the following one of the correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship?

The part last part of the brain to develop fully is the cerebellum cerebral cortex frontal lobe thalamus

Messages sent by releasing chemicals that jump across synapses involve lateralization myelination neurons transformations

The foundation for development in all humans is supplied by activity exploration maturation social transmission

Piaget's basic blocks of thinking and memory are actions accommodations adaptations schemes

The zone of proximal development is the area where students may solve a problem by themselves with no disequilibrium with support without frustration

Which of the following sounds is generally the MOST difficult for children to master?

T

The area of language that specifically deals with the ordering of words is called awareness scaffolding semantics syntax

What does a conflict such as initiative vs. guilt represent in Erikson's theory?

A development crisis

Cognitive dissonance

Disequilibration

Equilibration

Children who experience autonomy are likely to become more aggressive dependent intelligent self-reliant

Research suggests that the relationship between self-esteem and success in school is a causal relationship negative relationship positive relationship zero relationship

Most people have developed societal perspective-taking ability during the early elementary grades late elementary years pre-school years between age 14 and adulthood

Recent research suggests that victims of physical or verbal abuse tend to blame schoolmates their abusers their parents themselves

The rate of suicides has increased steadily for all groups of young people EXCEPT non-white females non-white males white females white males

What psychologist developed the concept of mental age?

Binet

Gardner

Sternberg

Wechsler

Approximately what percent of the general population scores over 100 on a standardized IQ test?

What is the approximate percentage of the general population whose deviation IQ score is between 85 and 115?

What type of grouping is used in the Joplin Plan?

Cross-grade

Mixed-ability

Tracking

Within-class

In treating hyperactivity, the medication that seems to work best is common aspirin depressants placebo prescriptions stimulants

The rules and traditions that guide the behavior of a group comprise its culture ethnic heritage racial identity social status

Membership in what cultural group is the best predictor of cultural differences?

Ethnicity

Gender

Race

Social class

The majority of poor children in the United States are African-American are Hispanic are white live in inner cities

As opposed to the term prejudice, the term discrimination refers to attitudes beliefs behavior feelings

What group of people have the most stereotyped notions of gender roles?

Elementary school children

High School student

Preschool children

The learning style of Native Americans appears to be field-independent global, analytic global, visual reasoning by inference

Behavioral theories of learning emphasizes development nature over nurture observable actions thinking

The law of effect in Thorndike's theory of learning is related to the concept of antecedents consequences patterns punishments

Performance speed is increased most quickly by what type of reinforcement schedule?

Fixed

Interval

Ratio

Variable

Slot machines that pay off after an indeterminate number of uses illustrate what schedule of reinforcement?

Fixed-interval

Fixed-ratio

Variable-interval

Variable-ratio

Persistence in responding is increased by what type of reinforcement schedule?

Fixed

Interval

Ratio

Variable

The most effective reprimands are those that are sharp and private sharp and public soft and private soft and public

What are you thinking about right now is being held in what type if memory?

Long-term

Schematic

Sensory

Working

Items can typically be stored in working memory for approximately how long?

About 20 seconds day

One minute

One week

Research has shown that the capacity of the working memory is limited to about how many chunks?

A to 4 to9

11 to 12

13 to 15

Long-term memory that is memory for meaning is called episodic procedural semantic working

Representations that are based on perceptions are called episodic memory procedures schemes

Representations based on the structure or appearance of the information are articulatory loops propositions schemes strategy that seems suitable for learning English language vocabulary is what strategy?

Chaining

Keyword

Loci

Peg-type

In teaching the concept "fruit," sweet taste is a (n) category reference defining attribute irrelevant attribute prototype

Which one of the following terms does NOT belong with the other three?

Discovery learning

Inductive thinking

Intuitive thinking

Meaningful verbal learning

Which one of the following concepts is consistent with the notion of a heuristic?

Analogical thinking

Domain specific

Exhaustive

Guaranteed solution

Pattern learning is a tactic for learning idea elaboration procedural information schema building strategies verbal information

Important tactics to use for learning procedural information include all of the following examples EXCEPT idea elaboration pattern learning practice self-instruction strategy designed to guide reading and inquiry in general that can be used with students in most grade levels is CAPS

KWL

PQ4R

READS

What label was used for Bandura's early work on his social approach to learning?

Behavioral

Classical

Neobehavioral

Traditional

Which one of the following is NOT one of the elements in Bandura's observational learning model?

Activation

Attention

Motivation

Production person's sense of being able to deal effectively with a particular task is modeling self-efficacy self-reinforcement vicarious reinforcement

True cooperative learning provides social support and complex tasks group work positive interactions scaffolding

The role of the student in a cooperative language group who explains concepts to the group members is the checker coach quiet captain reflector

An example of a "stand-alone thinking skills" program is brainstorming

CoRT

IDEAL

PQ4R

People who have a natural, long-term interest in many different activities are high in what type of motivation?

Cognitive

Social

State

Trait

What type of motivation would a teacher be LEAST able to influence in his/her class?

Extrinsic

Intrinsic

State

Trait

Being interested in a task because the activity is enjoyable is what type of motivation?

Extrinsic

Intrinsic

State

Trait

In most humanistic theories, motivation is based on extrinsic rewards intrinsic needs material wealth social status

The concept of self-determination is an important influence in what view of motivation?

Behavioral

Cognitive

Humanistic

Social learning

In Maslow's hierarchy, self-esteem is considered to be what type of need?

Being

Deficiency

Proficiency

Self-actualization

When "being" needs are met, motivation to satisfy them will generally be unaffected decrease increase reduce to zero

Participation in communities of practice is emphasized by what theory of motivation?

Cognitive

Humanistic

Constructivist

Sociocultural

Individuals are naturally motivated to learn by anxiety feedback and goal acceptance performance goals seductive details

An entity view of ability is consistent with what type of goals?

Extrinsic

Intrinsic

Performance

Work-avoidance

The Winter X Games represent what type of goal structure?

Competitive

Cooperative

Individualistic

Supportive

Which one of the following factors is NOT one of Doyle's characteristics of a multidimensional classroom?

Immediacy

Predictability

Public environment

Simultaneity

According to Brophy and Evertson, at what educational level is "maintaining" the management system most important?

High School

Kindergarten

Middle elementary

Preschool

Another definition for the concept of "time on task" is what kind of time?

Allocated

Engaged

Managed

Structured

Approximately what percentage of a student's time in school is devoted to meaningful, appropriate learning tasks?

In a traditionally arranged classroom, students' desks are positioned according to a principle of autonomy productivity shared workspace territoriality

Ms. Goldwyn is interested in promoting student interaction and group work. What arrangement would be the most suitable?

Clusters

Debate

Horizontal rows

Stack

Recent research indicates that students working alone tend to be on-task about what percent of the time?

The purpose of using choral responses is to establish group focus movement management overlapping withitness

What is the purpose of the paraphrase rule?

To clarify understanding

To elaborate the concept idea

To identify a hidden message

To point out a problem

Peer mediation, a strategy proposed by Johnson and his colleagues, is aimed toward assertive discipline conflict resolution self-management teacher union negotiations

Which one of the following verbs would be LEAST desirable for use in a behavioral objective?

Appreciates

Builds

Lists

Isolates

Which one of the following objectives would probably be the most difficult to measure?

Analysis

Application

Receiving

Reflex actions

The heart of the recitation approach to teaching that has been around for many years is praising reacting soliciting setting a framework

The questions on the objective test that you are taking right now are what type of question?

Analytical

Convergent

Divergent

Evaluation

Research shows that the average amount of time teachers wait for students to answer questions is about one second three seconds five seconds seven seconds or more

Which one of the following terms is more desirable than the others for improving clarity?

More or less"

Sometimes"

Therefore"

Whatever"

Which one of the following methods is LEAST student-centered?

Cooperative learning

Direct instruction

Group instruction

Inquiry methods

Which one of the following is NOT a typical component of direct instructions?

Cooperative learning

Guided practice

Independent practice

Review of previous day's work

According to code-based theorists, the most basic skill in learning to read is word context fluency identification verbalization

What is the arithmetic mean of the following set of scores?

Scores: 0, 13, 15, 16, 16

What is the median for the following set of scores?

Scores: 66, 66, 74, 96, 98

In a normal distribution, which one of the following measures of central tendency will have the highest value?

Mean

Median

Mode

The central tendencies will be equal

The precision of a test refers to test reliability as measured by what method

Alternate-form

Internal consistency

Split-half

Test-retest

When a test actually measures what it purports to measure, the test is said to be credible reliable usable valid

What statistic is LEAST relevant for minimum-competency tests?

Mean score

Range of scores

Reliability of scores

Standard deviation

Pretests represent what type of measurement?

Formative

Intermediate

Standardized

Summative

The term "objective" as used in objective testing refers to the content goals of the items goal(s) of the test type of material covered way the test is scored

As the distractors in a multiple-choice test item seem LESS reasonable than the keyed answer, the item becomes easier harder less relevant more ambiguous

What type of test purpose is most likely to emphasize a constructed-response format?

Authentic

Formative

Norm-referenced

Summative

Feedback appears to be most helpful when it tells students their overall test grades when they are wrong why they are right why they are wrong

What marking system is most likely to reduce students' anxiety about grades?

Adjusted norm-referenced system

Contract system

Percentage grading

Point system

Individual learning expectation (ILE) refers to a grade distribution grading orientation halo effect student attribution

Under a dual marking system, which one of the following grades would suggest the greatest potential to earn an a with appropriate effort?

B1

B2

B3

B4

Theories of Human Learning

Multiple choice: select the best answer

As a science, psychology is concerned with consciousness but not dreams social influences only the roles of biology and heredity with biology but not with social influences

The following behavior changes illustrate learning.

A behavior resulting from injury or disease behavior resulting from experience behavior resulting from disease or drugs biologically determined behavior

Evidence that learning has occurred is seen in published research studies changes in thinking changes in behavior emotional stability

Change in performance is preceded by bad reviews scientific research the behavior of others change in disposition

If-then statements may also be referred to as principles generalization hypothesis laws

Statements which summarize relationships are restricted to the physical sciences known as hypothesis known as generalization never used in the social sciences

Rules which govern the gathering of information are known as rigid and dogmatic scientific method being flexible

APA rules for research studies

Informed consent is given by the researcher judicial review the American Psychological Association the research subject

Laws are to beliefs as truth is to untruth accuracy is to inaccuracy convictions are to facts are to convictions

Trace conditioning involves

CS beginning and ending before U.S.

US beginning and ending before CS

US and CS overlap

CS and U.S. are presented at the same time

Variations in contiguity and presentation include backtracking conditioning forward conditioning delayed conditioning operant conditioning

According to Pavlov, repeated pairing of CS and U.S. is necessary only with animals is a normal part of acquisition indicates mental impairment is necessary due to forgetting

Contiguity may be described as that which is ongoing, a process the effect of a stimulus that which occurs after a response simultaneous, or near, occurrence of an event reflex may be described as U.S.-UR unit

CS-CR unit

US-CR unit

CS-UR unit

Selective breeding of race horses may be described as capitalism eugenics stimulus discrimination transfer

According to Guthrie, One Shot Learning applies to the intellectually gifted all learners laboratory animals those who receive a particular type of instruction

The best explanation for Movement Produced Stimuli is habitual response reinforcement contiguity

One Shot Learning

Guthrie believed that punishment changes habits due to interruption of the habit behavior modification contiguity

Movement Produced Stimuli

Thorndike's law of effect fits well with the theory of Pavlov

Guthrie

Skinner

Watson

Trying all the keys on a key ring only to find that none fit the lock is an example of insight reinforcement readines trial and error

Shrinking from Aunt Bertha's kiss illustrates the existence of reinforcer an annoyer introspective learning bad manners

Satisfiers and annoyers are associated with which of Thorndike's laws?

A law of readiness law of exercise law of effect law of multiple response

Which of the following does not describe solving a math problem?

A stamping in a connection satisfying state of affairs learning multiple response

Predisposition to act in a given way is a definition of set attention readiness connection

The following concept of Hull is conflict with the "black box" approach to learning.

A input variable output variable intervening variable response amplitude

Intervening variables are mathematically determined educated guesses determined by observation another term for theorems

Operant conditioning compares favorably with which evolutionary concept?

A natural selection the Big Ben theory the law of the jungle species extinction

All of the following are examples of positive reinforcement in a family situation except praise restoring phone privileges an increase in allowance bedtime treat

Negative reinforcement is used to suppress a behavior elicit a response strengthen a behavior eliminate a behavior

On a job sit a whistle blows a 12 noon to indicate lunch break. For the workers the whistle acts as a positive, primary reinforcement positive, generalized reinforcer negative, generalized reinforcer positive, secondary reinforcer

Skinner's concept of shaping is also known as systematic desensitization social learning generalization verbal conditioning

Skinner assumed classical conditioning was in error punishment has no effect on behavior human behavior is lawful laws do not exist in the social sciences

According to Skinner, behaviors emitted are biological stimulus controlled called operants included next time stimulus elicited behavior is referred to by Skinner as an operant respondent mediating variable instrumental act

Operant is to respondent as elicit is to emit stimulus is to response mediate is to intervene act is to react

Which of the following not an example of observational learning?

A imitation modeling instrumental learning social learning

What is "blocked" when blocking occurs is information to be recalled new learning reinforcement biological predispositions

Learning which occurs without the new behavior being reinforced is known as blocking operant conditioning automatic learning autoshaping

Prepotency of a behavior pattern is an explanation for instinctive drift counterconditioning biofeedback blocking

Which of the following bring into question the importance of reinforcement?

A reflexes and instincts taste aversions and blocking instinctive drift and blocking autoshaping and instinctive drift

When previous learning interferes with new learning the effect is called

Contrapreparedness genetic predisposition blocking autoshaping

The study of animal behavior in a natural habitat is known as biology ethology sociobiology psychobiology

Who argued that humans are biologically prepared to acquire language?

Skinner

Rescorla

Chomsky

Guthrie

Which of the following is not a biological constraint?

A biofeedback autoshaping taste aversion instinctive drift

An important function of taste aversion is weight control specie distinctiveness behavior flexibility survival

Hebb's approach to studying behavior could not have been established if psychology had dealt with animals only humans only less fully developed organism mediating processes

The property of an organism that allows for change as a function of repeated stimulation is plastivity reactivity plasticity reacticity

Which of the following take place during the refractory period?

A transmission of electrical impulses the neuron is discharged muscles contract glands secrete

The movement of the electrical impulse across the gap between neurons is known as electrical potential resting potential action potential synapse

Neural transmission involves electrical and chemical activity electrical activity only chemical activity only psychic activity

Hebb assumes cell assemblies for due to reinforcement biological preparedness contiguity synapses

Selectivity among input is set attention reactivity plastivity

Which corresponds best with a cell assembly?

A musical note musical line musical composition musical stage play

What you see is what you get" illustrates normalizing physical field behavioral field insight pocket knife may have been a small blade, a large blade, or a serrated blade. This is an example of a conjunctive concept relational concept isolated concept disjunctive concept football field is 100 yards long and approximately 50 feet wide with a goal post at each end. This is an example of a disjunctive concept relational concept conjunctive concept isolated concept

According to Bruner, the central concept of psychology should be genetic structure information processing meaning stimuli.

Referring to a whale as a mammal is an example of coding inferring generalizing discriminating

Which of the following concepts in Piaget's theory relates to logical thought?

A conservation transductive reasoning seriation operation

Piaget's methode clinique refers to his research laboratory interview technique psychotherapeutic technique medical clinic child's desire to be like a sports hero illustrates concept attainment assimilation accommodation intelligence

Piaget refers to an inborn ability as adaptation schema metaphor accommodation