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As the teacher questioned the need to continue to increase voltage, the experimenter encouraged the teacher to persist. For example, when the teacher questioned the experimenter about possible harm, the experimenter assumed full responsibility and reassured the teacher that the shocks were not harmful. Further, if a teacher tried to quit, the experimenter would use verbal prods to encourage continued participation; one of these was, "You have no other choice, you must go on."
This study was conducted forty times with a different male teacher each time. Of these, twenty-six out of the forty teachers continued to 450 volts. All teachers continued up to 300 volts. Only five dropped out at 300 volts and another four dropped out at 315 volts. The teachers continued even though there was clear evidence of discomfort with doing so such as sweating, trembling, stuttering, biting lips, groans, digging fingernails into their flesh, and nervous laughter. Three teachers...
However, the study is still inconclusive because of a number of factors. The sample was self-selecting, having possible implications for the participant's predisposed liklihood to obey authority. The sample size was small and did not include women. and, the subjects were told that the shocks would not be harmful, far different from the genocide situation in World War II which involved obvious concrete harm. During the study, the prods used by the experimenter suggested that withdrawal was not possible for the teacher, so it's not possible to tell how many teachers would have withdrawn if they felt they could do so.
Bibliography
Aronson, E. (Ed.). (2003). Readings about the social animal (9th ed.). New York:…
Bibliography
Aronson, E. (Ed.). (2003). Readings about the social animal (9th ed.). New York: Worth/Freeman.
It was clear that destructive disobedience does create a stressful situation, as the participants knew they were doing harm by obeying these orders. Some participants even showed nervous laughter and uncontrollable seizures in 3 of the participants (Milgram 1963). In terms of how far they lasted in the study, the results were actually surprising. Thus, "upon the command of the experimenter, each of the 40 subjects went beyond the
Stanley Milgram on Obedience Legitimacy and Proximity: Social Influences that Determines and Generates Obedience in Stanley Milgram's Obedience Study (Behavioral Study of Obedience, 1963) For many years, psychology, as one of the main branches of social science, has tried to discern and understand human behavior and its relation to the society through empirical observation and experimentation. Social scientists, under the philosophy, methods, and principles of psychology, tried to understand human mind, particularly
classic Milgram studies on obedience were inspired by the Nurnberg trials of Nazi war criminals who consistently argued in their defense to their charges that they were just carrying out orders. In his original study Stanley Milgram (1963) had wanted to see if people would inflict pain to the point of serious injury or death as the result of being ordered to do so by authority figures. Milgram used
He also notes that the distress as well as the level of compliance was unexpected, and some unpredictability of any experiment must be expected by both researchers and volunteers (Milgram 1964). This type of 'follow up,' while perhaps acceptable in the 1960s would likely be seen as inadequate by modern researchers. But recently, in an essay in Granta Magazine, Ian Parker has reevaluated the obedience experiments, noting that they cast
Milgram Experiment Stanley Milgram conducted a series of experiments in the field of social psychology that tested how far random individuals were willing to be "obedient" if given orders by a person in "authority." The test was inspired by the stories of otherwise ordinary citizens on Nazi-Germany taking part in the war crimes that, in normal circumstances, one would typically shun. Milgram was testing the hypothesis that man will do
Stanley Milgram’s groundbreaking psychological experiments on obedience remain famous not just because of what they revealed about human behavior, but also because of how they drew attention to the need for more robust ethical codes in psychological research. Burger (2009) replicates Milgram’s most famous obedience studies in “Replicating Milgram,” tweaking the methodology to ensure ethical treatment of research participants. Therefore, the Burger (2009) experiment uses slightly different experimental approaches. Experimental