NETWORKS & TELECOM Networking & Telecom

Networking and telecommunications have come a long way over the last several generations. Some people ascribe the 1990's or perhaps the 1980's to be the point in which networking came to be but the answer to that question is actually the 1970's. Indeed, ARPANET has evolved into what is now the modern internet and it is now hard to see the lines that exist between telecom/telephone infrastructures and the broader internet because they are very much one and the same nowadays at one level or another. This report will cover how local and global connectivity exists with data and voice networks around the world, the basic concepts related to the same and the impact that telecommunications and computer networking have on today's business and team performance paradigms. While person-to-person contact is still craved by many people, the leveraging of voice and data networks is necessary and vital to remain competitive in today's marketplace.

Questions Answered

As indicated in the introduction, ARPANET was the genesis of today's internet systems, both in the United States and around the world. ARPANET, also commonly known as DARPANET, came to be in 1968 and was renamed to ARPANET in 1971. Also as noted in the introduction, both phone and computer communication is based on the same general technology but has largely been separated in many ways over the years. That has since changed a lot as the lines between the two have blurred significantly. Further, the lines between mobile phones and the internet (e.g. Wi-Fi calling, etc.) have blurred as well. In any event, ARPANET was a United States Department of Defense creation and was largely developed in response to the prospects of a nuclear war with the Soviet Union or other countries with such weapons. Since then, it has extended from a government operation to something that the public, both in the United States and around the world, has come to use (InetDaemon, 2015).

The internet as we know it today is often referred to as the World Wide Web. Indeed, this is what the "www" stands for in common internet addresses. Through internet and computer languages like Hyper-Text Markup Language (HTML), Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP…the start of most internet addresses), information is displayed and extended for anyone who has access and wants to view it. This technology really did not come to pass until 1989 when Tim Berners-Lee invented and presented it to CERN, a particle physics laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland. Since its launch, the world wide web has grown to be nearly one trillion public pages with a total of about 1.7 billion users taking it in, as of 2008 and 2009, respectively (Web Foundation, 2015).

The aforementioned ARPANET was basically one self-contained network. However, the structure of networks has expanded and changed expansively and exponentially since then. Nowadays, there are networks, subnetworks and so forth. To be technical, a small group of computers in a single location is a network. That small network then connects to one or more larger networks that thus connects the initial small network with the world. When it comes to areas like Michigan, a small group of computers in a single house are a network. A group of computers connected through an internet service provider or other collective of connections is itself a network with smaller networks that connect to it. That progression continues in a way that eventually encircles and encompasses the entire globe. This is where terms like local area networks (LAN's), wide area networks (WAN's) and metropolitan area networks (MAN's) come into play. Regardless of size, these networks are mapped and linked together so as to get information from point A to point B (Mitchell, 2015).

Each communication itself occurs at seven different levels. This is known as the OSI model. The seven layers are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application. Put another way, these are the different layers at which data must pass as it goes from one point to another. It stretches from the network cable (the physical) to what the users see as they communicate (the application). Of course, all data (in one form or another) moves via binary code. However, this alone does not get data from one point to another nor does it help someone view the data when it makes it its destination. This is why having all seven layers is important as it provides a framework and mapping of...

Even though it is all binary, the data that is moved can include inter-process communication, network virtual terminals, resourcing sharing/device redirection, remote file access, remote printer access and other functions (Microsoft, 2015).
Coming back to the phone/network paradigm just one more time, there was a time where those two systems were largely separate. However, many phone call control devices, both small and large, are computer controlled almost entirely nowadays whereas there was a heavy reliance on a separate phone network, switchboards and other separated devices in prior years. However, there has been a large shift with there being a basic melding of the two networks. Home phones are starting to become extinct as Voice Over IP phones (internet phones, basically) are now the norm and traditional phones are becoming less and less common. Even the traditional phones make heavier use of networking technology even if the end-user is not aware of it. Even cell phone networks, which themselves have been their own animal in many ways, are now doing the same thing as Wi-Fi calling (calls using Wi-Fi rather than cell phone networks alone) are more common. VOIP phones and smartphones (with or without Wi-Fi) are being combined via vendors like Vonage and others. The point is that there have been semi-separate pathways for different telecom and data solutions but those pathways are very quickly becoming more singular rather than remaining separate (Cisco, 2015; Vonage, 2015).

Implications for Business & Productivity

For those that are the least bit cognizant of them, there are major implications for businesses and teams in general when it comes to voice and data services. One major reason for this is that the business world has become increasingly globalized in nature. Indeed, many goods are made overseas but there has also been an increasing reliance on disparate teams and workstations. This could be contained within the United States or it could be contained within the world at large. Of course, voice and telecom services could serve businesses greatly as they are used with a business that makes consumer electronics or other goods in areas like China, Mexico or other countries foreign to the United States. However, many professional and clerical services are being outsourced to countries like Singapore, India and the Philippines (Tech In Asia, 2015).

However, there has even been a shift within the United States when it comes to allowing people to work from home. There are two major angles and reasons why allowing to people to work from home is optimal as compared to requiring that all people work in an office. While companies like Yahoo and CEO's like Yahoo's Marissa Mayer have eschewed and put telecommuting in disfavor, the trend is absolutely going the opposite way when looking at industry trends. One major benefit to this trend is that there is less real estate and space needed in physical offices. It is now quite common for businesses to buy their employees equipment and send them to work at home and this allows the business to use their existing space for other things that increase profit without having to increase space. Alternately, they can just move to a smaller office and save money over the long-term. Further, this can bring benefit to the employees as they do not have to burn a lot of time with a commute, they can spend more time with their family, and they can be much more flexible when it comes to caring for said family and personal matters that would be hard to deal with if one is cooped up in an office. That all being said, team performance and team dynamics will require a few conditions. High-speed connections (and not dial-up or mobile phone-driven connections) are necessary, the people must be the kind that can work from home and be productive and the teams must be otherwise structured with the right hierarchy and resources (Monster, 2015).

To close the loop on business productivity and processes, a few things should be said. First of all, not using the data and telecom options out there is sheer lunacy at this point. The paper-driven workplace is a thing of the past and any business that wants to become or remain competitive needs to stay with current technology. This is not to say that there is only one way of doing things…far from it. However, voice and data networks/technology will have to be used to get quick turnaround times. A basic example of this would be a business that has a…