The concept of neural plasticity is central to the work of psychiatrists and psychotherapists because how they help people change involves enabling their patients' minds to develop new pathways for self-regulation that can enable them to live more rewarding lives (Beychok Pp). Whether the community utilizes the power of interpersonal relationships alone to heal and promote growth or combine this crucial aspect of clinical work with pharmacological tools to aid

Neural Correlates of Drug Relapse Propensity Refraining from Drug Use Treating drug addiction requires experience and skill, because no single approach has broad efficacy (reviewed by Bauer, Covault, and Gelernter, 2012). High inter-individual variability of contributing factors and a lack of knowledge about what causes treatment failure (reviewed by Walton, Blow, and Booth, 2001), helps explain a relapse rate between 40% to 60% (NIDA, 2011). For this reason, researchers have been trying

Essay Topic Examples 1. The Stages of the Perceptual Process: ����Explore the step-by-step sequence involved in the perception process. Detail each stage � from sensation to selection, organization, and interpretation � and explain the important role these stages play in how we understand and interact with our environment. 2. Perception and Reality: The Subjective Nature of Experience: ����Delve into the philosophical and psychological aspects of perception and its subjectivity. Discuss how perceptions can differ

Expert Systems and Neural Networks The Development and Limitations of Expert Systems and Neural Networks The human experience demands a constant series of decisions to survive in a hostile environment. The question of "fight or flight" and similar decisions has been translated into computer-based models by using the now-famous "if-then" programming command that has evolved into the promising field of artificial intelligence. In fact, in their groundbreaking work, Newell and Simon (1972)

Sensation refers to the process that the sense organs perform when they encode physical energy from the environment. The physical stimulus energy is broken down into action potentials in the brain through the process of transduction. Perception, the interpretation of this transformed physical energy/stimuli into meaningful information, occurs in the brain. While sensation is a purely physical phenomenon occurring within the confines of a particular sensual modality and its associated

Fluctuations in expectation may be described by a model that actually calculates expectation using a weighted combination of new and old information. According to this model, when the probability of a target's appearance changes abruptly, a smooth change occurs that encodes prior probability. This model even predicts small changes in expectation even when there is a constant probability of appearance of the target (Anderson & Carpenter, 2006). The experience-based