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Folate supplementation can disguise an underlying B12 deficiency, and B12 deficiency is linked to a number of health issues including depression, dementia, and anemia. However, folate and B12 are both B-complex vitamins and are metabolized similarly. Both are stored in the liver and both are essential components in homocysteine metabolism, which in turn reduces risk for cardiovascular disease ("Folate fortification may mask B12 deficiency"). Both folate and B12 deficiencies can cause similar problems like anemia but B12 takes longer to break down in the liver and B12 deficiencies take longer than folate deficiencies to manifest as health problems. Therefore, care must be taken to supplement with B12 as well as folate if a deficiency is suspected.
4.Based on understanding of proteins, why does insulin need to be injected rather than ingested?
Insulin is a hormone and a protein that regulates glucose metabolism in the blood. Individuals who do not manufacture insulin in their bodies naturally need insulin supplements to control levels of blood sugar but if ingested into the stomach insulin would not permeate the body's muscle and fat cells, which are most responsible for regulating glucose levels. As a protein, insulin must be absorbed directly through cellular membranes. If ingested, insulin disolves in the stomach faster than it can be absorbed into cell membranes.
5. Discuss 3 B. vitamin deficiencies which may affect individuals in North America. Be sure...
Furthermore, processed foods, foods containing excess amounts of sugar, and intake of pharmaceutical products all contribute to the depletion of B-complex vitamins. Finally, over-nutrition and the American diet do not necessarily mean that B. vitamin deficiencies are uncommon. The American diet is loaded with saturated fat and sugar but is not necessarily high in nutient value. Whole grains and green vegetables contain large amounts of B-complex vitamins and those foods are absent from most Americans' diets.
6. What is the main difference in how short chain and medium chain fatty acids are absorbed in our body compared to long chain fatty acids? Be clear and detailed. (Hint: lymph and liver should be mentioned in your answer)
Short and medium-chain fatty acids are absorbed directly into the liver via the portal vein. Long-chain fatty acids are absorbed first through the lymph system via the subclavian vein.
References
Folate fortification may mask B12 deficiency." Retrieved June 17, 2008 at http://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/news/ng.asp?id=25457-folate-fortification-may
More specifically, when certain species (including homo Sapiens) consume more calories than necessary for immediate energy requirements, their digestive systems efficiently converts those excess calories into storable forms of reserve energy that are capable of being called upon in times of need (Larson-Duyff, 2005; Rinzler, 2004). In humans, excess caloric consumption increases the amount of sugars dissolved in the blood (Larson-Duyff, 2005; Rinzler, 2004). This triggers a natural insulin response
This Stanford study was commissioned by the federal government. It reviewed 1,800 studies on the health benefits of garlic or three months, specifically in lowering cholesterol levels. It said that studies lasting three months or less came out with that conclusion. But longer-term studies did not (Feder). Despite this new finding, the sale of garlic supplements remained brisk and popular (Feder 2007). It sold at $150 million a year. The
The initial, dramatic increase in the body's production of TNF-alpha in response to viral exposure demonstrates a heightened immunological response targeted to the protection against infection. Viral respiratory tract infections, such as cold and influenza, are the most common human illnesses. They have significant health and economic consequences, particularly with young children and youth, older individuals and those with other underlying or chronic conditions. Annually, an average of 5 to
The white paper cites several other studies as the basis for the argument, but does not provide a Reference List Quendler, S. "Link Between Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Academic Achievement." Vienna University, Austria. (August, 2002): 1-2/. Available at http://chp.ilsi.org/NR/rdonlyres/AFE7EC1D-17D0-494C-BC0B-4E0E065627A8/0/linkbetweennutritionachievement.pdf Accessed 23 October 2008. This study confirmed the connection between poor nutrition and academic performance. It also identified low-income children as being at particular risk of poor nutrition. This study supports the
Nutrition and Cognitive Learning Among Elementary School Students -- a Proposal Many elementary school children are at-risk for poor nutrition. While many children do have good nutritional habits because their families lack money to buy sufficient food, they are not the only group suffering from poor nutrition. Many children, from all social and economic backgrounds, have enough food yet have diets that are high in fat, sugar, and sodium, resulting in
Studies also indicate that the people of this area are more physically active than most Americans, and they have extensive social support, through large families, that tend to keep people healthier and happier throughout life. While there may be other factors that contribute to the longevity of people who partake in a Mediterranean diet, designing a low-fat, healthy diet based on Mediterranean principles of little red meat, lots of