Sign Up Now
Get instant access to over 1 million+ study documents
OR
Already registered? click here to login
By creating your account, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and student honor code.
Pathophysiology, Adaption, Injury and Inflammation
Inflammation is a protective way of the body whenever there is cell injury. It is a way of removing the causative pathogen and what it can do to the body. Inflammation is an important step for the tissue repair. Inflammation has two phases that involve the vascular and cellular reaction. That is the reason why redness, swelling, tenderness in the area of injury occur and why a good blood supply is necessary for its healing to progress.
The process of tissue repair involves inflammation in the early process. Various cells and tissues participate in these events which include fluid and proteins of plasma, circulating cells, blood vessels and cellular and extracellular constituents of connective tissues. In the vascular reaction, the participative cells are the circulating cells that include neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes and platelets. These circulating cells travel in the blood vessels toward the injurious part of the body where they proliferate and fight of the causative pathogen and perform antibody functions.
Blood vessels in the body also undergo changes during inflammation. These changes occur to maximize the movement of leukocytes, antibodies and platelets towards the injury site. It undergoes vasodilation, causing increase redness and heat because this process increases blood flow. The blood vessels become more permeable which causes the swelling or edema from the extravasated protein-rich fluid. This is a means of the body to bring the antibodies and other cells to the exact site of injury and perform their function. The changes in the blood vessels are mediated by a number of chemical mediators that cause this vascular leakage. They assert their function in the endothelial cells causing contraction, therefore letting the protein-rich, antibody containing fluid to escape toward the site of injury, and prevent further damage to the body.
Reference:
Kumar, Vinay, et. al. Robbin and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2005.
Here, the research suggests that "cardiac depression may also cause fluid to back up into the pulmonary system, resulting in pulmonary edema" (Aucoin, 2011, p 12). Moreover, increasing releases of aldosterone can also cause the body to retain fluid and sodium which can lead to endothelial dysfunction and organ fibrosis (Hobbs & Boyle, 2010). Other Systems Along with other systems, there is an impact on the thyroid as well when examining
Pathophysiology of Pain Pain is a physical manifestation of something being wrong within the body. Pain is an indicator of an injury or of a physical illness. Often, it is one of the first indicators that there is something wrong with the health of the patient and anyone experiencing pain should seek medical attention. Acute, chronic, and referred pain are three very different things but are often confused, even by medical
Pathophysiology of Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease The author provides a comprehensive overview of late-onset Alzheimer's disease, including discussions about what is generally known about the disease with regard to heritability, disease progression, and risk factors. Findings from relevant studies on the association of LOAD with genotypes, cellular processes, and patterns of brain deterioration are provided. Brief discussions of pharmacological treatments and future research are included. Key words: Alzheimer's, late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is
Bibliography Fenton, Drew Evan (2010) Myocardial Infarction. eMedicine. 24 Jun 2010) Online available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/759321-overview Fletcher GF, Balady G, Blair SN, et al. Statement on exercise: benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for all Americans: a statement for health professionals by the Committee on Exercise and Cardiac Rehabilitation of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association. Circulation. 1996;94:857 -- 862. [PubMed] cited in Williams, Paul T. 2010) Physical Fitness and
Diagnostic Studies In basic terms, medical and family histories act as the basis for CAD diagnosis. In this case, abnormal levels of blood proteins, glucose, cholesterol or fats are risk factors for CAD. Further, the risk of CAD is identified by recording electrical purses of the heart using an electrocardiogram. For purposes of indicating heart failure, a chest x-ray may be taken. Any injury in heart muscles can be identified through
Pathophysiology-Liver Disease The case study is of a 66-year-old man who has been drinking and smoking daily for 30 years. He admits to smoking two packs of cigarette per day and to drinking three glasses of brown alcohol daily for 30 years. Currently his family describes his behavior as erratic; he gets frustrated easily and gets quite aggressive at times. He visited his family doctor after a recent episode of hematemesis