Political risk is one of the different elements of country risk that a company must take into consideration when operating internationally. Political risk reflects the risk posed by the government of a country, including risks that the government will take action against your company (China v. Google), up to and including the risk of nationalization (Argentina v. YPF). Governments have the capacity to, in an unpredictable and ad hoc manner, change the rules governing a company's operations in a country. In the West, where political processes tend to be transparent, it is a lot easier to understand and measure political risk. Political risk, it should be noted, reflects actions taken on existing ventures, and not something like project approval. So Keystone XL is a pending decision, not a political risk. Risk would be if Keystone is approved and then after it is started the next government moves to block the project retroactively. Dekra in Germany

Dekra is a vehicle inspection company based in Stuttgart. One does not normally talk about political risk in the home country. Risk represents the unknown, and if there is any political environment that a company knows, it is the domestic one. The German political environment is relatively transparent. So are there political risks? Dekra was founded in 1925, which means that it did face a very high degree of political risk early on in its existence, as the company was shut down during the war. Any operations in the East would have been nationalized after the war. But otherwise Germany has proven a stable and transparent place with respect to political risk.

One political risk is that the inspections are mandated in part by German law. Changes to the laws can reduce the demand for vehicle inspections. For example,...

But as automakers reduce the emissions their vehicles give off, some governments have removed emissions testing requirements, effectively ending that industry -- this happened in Virginia, in British Columbia, in New Jersey and there is the risk that it could happen in Germany, too.
Another political risk is that posed by trade agreements. For example, any trade agreements or enlargement of the EU will provide more opportunity for Dekra, but also more risk of market entry by a new competitor. Dekra has no real control over this, because it is the result of a political process. A third political risk is that of nationalization, but in Germany this risk is minimal.

Dekra will need to be able to continue to justify the need for emissions testing in order to maintain that demand. This requires having a good relationship with government, and lobbying to maintain the status quo. Dekra can also hedge against this risk by developing other revenue streams, so that if emissions testing is ended the company will still have diversified set of businesses and can survive. But otherwise, there is minimal political risk for a Germany company operating in Germany, and the company has a high degree of familiarity with the political environment, which helps to mitigate risk.

Kellogg's in India

India is a country with a moderately high degree of political risk. While India is a democratic nation with a legal system based on the English tradition, the country has also had flirtations with communism in the past, and some states are still run by communist governments. In the 1970s, Coca-Cola was turfed from the country after a regime change (Yergin & Stanislaw,…