Sign Up Now
Get instant access to over 1 million+ study documents
OR
Already registered? click here to login
By creating your account, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and student honor code.
Therefore, these strategies identify the problems of contemporary science resulting from male bias. Longino acknowledges that such approach is descriptively adequate to a certain extent, but she demonstrates that it falls short of normative adequacy.
The third section of the article takes into account another strategy used by feminist epistemology, termed multiplying subjects. The strategy is based on the ideal of unconditioned subject. Traditionally it has been acknowledged that individual subjectivities are conditioned, and the unconditioned subjectivity is an achievement; the methods of natural sciences and the scientific methodology in general are the means to that achievement.
The nature of the relationship between observation, data, and theory, which represent scientific discourse have been considered arguments against unconditioned subjectivity and empiricism. The arguments rely on the fact that if the scientific knower is considered an individual who should be freed from external influences in order to produce acceptable knowledge the puzzles introduced by observation and certain evidential relations will remain unsolved.
The feminist point-of-view suggests that scientific knowledge is constructed not by individuals, but by individuals in interaction with one another, in order to modify their observations, theories and hypotheses. The scientific method includes, according to this way of reasoning not only individual activity arising from, for instance hypotheses testing, but also a confrontation of ideas and theories. Scientific knowledge has...
The interactive dialogic community generates knowledge only if it facilitates transformative criticism. However, such objective communities are only prescriptions against which the theories can be compared.
The fourth and last part of the article is concerned with clarifying dilemmas of pluralism. One of them is that knowledge depends upon the consensus of a scientific community. The author suggests that in order to overcome this dilemma scientific knowledge should be detached from consensus and also from an ideal of absolute truth. The author gives an example of semantic view, of theories as composed of propositions. The main point is that knowledge is not detached from knowers in a set of propositions but consists in our ability to understand the model and apply it to a portion of the world. In conclusion, she states that knowledge is not contemplative but active. A second possibility to escape the dilemma is by considering scientific knowledge as a permanent inquiry, and not as static and having an end point. This resides from considering science as practice. Moreover, from this point-of-view scientific knowledge is also a body of diverse theories that attempt to response to changing cognitive needs.
The conclusions underline the issues of knowledge-power, inclusiveness-exclusiveness, the advantages of appealing to standards and scientific communities, of replacing the existing authority with others and support the creation of democratic science and a cognitive democracy.
Power of Goodness in 1001 Nights "One thousand and one nights" is probably one of the most famous books in the world. While most of the readers are children, it is just as true that the book can be enjoyed by adults as well. The texts provide not just beautiful descriptions and captivating adventures, but they are also full of symbols and significant meaning. From this point-of-view, it can be stated
The third degree discrimination is when businesses set prices depending on the location and the market segments. Here the supplier will identify the various market segments and have varying prices for the same item due to the varying consumer classes in these regions. The sales managers always have to look at the characteristics of the market and the customers in general. The factors that the sellers consider here are age of
Knowledge Management Mohr, N. And Dichter, A. Building a Learning Organization. Phi Delta Kappan. Vol. 82, Issue 10, p. 744, June 2001. This article discusses the stages that a school or other teaching organization goes through as they change from a static facilitative teaching center to a learning organization. There is necessarily a change in dynamic paradigm as the change process occurs, and the authors identify the steps which the organization
100). Much of the focus of personnel selection using psychological testing was on new troops enlisting in the military during two world wars and the explosive growth of the private sector thereafter (Scroggins et al., 2008). Psychological testing for personnel selection purposes, though, faded into disfavor during the 1960s, but it continues to be used by human resource practitioners today. In this regard, Scroggins and his colleagues advise, "Many
" (Downey, 2000, p.307) This aspect of the university, or that of the community is characterized by having less structure that the corporation or collegium of the university and is such that includes everyone as a member as everyone "belongs to and has equity in the university as a community." (Downey, 2000, p.307) This is a community characterized by disorder, ambiguity, and little in the way of definition. The university
Knowledge creation, according to Borland (2001), requires the systematic analysis of data collected. Best & Kahn (1998, pg. 18) write that "research" has been classically defined as "the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possibly ultimate control of events." The post-positivist paradigm, as Mertens (2005) writes, provides that research is designed