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Freud and Psychology
In the field of psychology, Freud's work is a popular topic. Much of what he created is very controversial, and some of it has been discredited and changed (Leahey, et al., 2014). However, there is also a lot of it that is still used today, and that provides information for psychologists and psychotherapists who want to help people live better lives. There are two main areas of Freud's work that are still important today. These are his theory of personality development and his theory of psychotherapy. It is also important to consider why they are valid or not valid in current practice, so one can determine what direction one wants to take with proper techniques. Freud's theory of personality has three components, which are the Id, the Ego, and the Superego (Sulloway, 1991). According to Freud, all of these work together to make up a person's specific personality. The Id is present from birth, and is a part of a person all his or her life. It is completely unconscious, and makes up primitive and instinctive behaviors (Sulloway, 1991). Because it looks for immediate gratification, the Id does not focus on anything but pleasure or pain.
The Ego, by contrast, is very different from the Id. It is the part of personality that focuses on what is actually reality, instead of only what it wants or does not want (Sulloway, 1991). The Ego comes from the development of the Id, and allows the Id to exist while still making sure that the person acts in a way that is acceptable to society. In short, the Ego is a big part of the control that the person exercises...
Some of what the Ego does is unconscious, but there are also conscious and preconscious parts that have to be dealt with (Sulloway, 1991). The Ego takes the desire of the Id and extrapolates it out to ways in which it can be used in the real world, allowing for the person to function properly from a societal standpoint, even though the person's wants and desires may be far different from what would generally be accepted.
Another part of personality, according to Freud, is the Superego (Sulloway, 1991). It holds moral standards and ideals. These come from parents, but also from society, and they can change and develop over time. As a person gets older, his or her personality may change because the Superego is acquiring and processing new information. The guidelines for making judgments, then, have to change in order for the person to feel comfortable with who he or she is. Around five years of age is when the Superego starts to emerge, as a child really does not have a developed sense of self before then, according to Freud (Sulloway, 1991). That is important to note, because not all psychologists agree with Freud's assessment of the different parts of the personality, or that a child must reach a certain age before he or she begins to develop a personality that is separate from his or her parents and the rest of society. Instead, there are beliefs that would indicate that children have a sense of self much earlier than expected, and that the three different areas of personality are completely unnecessary when…
References
Leahey, T.H., Greer, S., Lefrancois, G.R., Reiner, T.W., Spencer, J.L., Wickramasekera, I.E., & Willmarth, E.K. (2014). History of psychology. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education.
Pigman, G.W. (1995). Freud and the history of empathy. The International Journal of Psycho-analysis, 76( Pt 2): 237 -- 256.
Sulloway, F.J. (1991). Reassessing Freud's case histories: The social construction of psychoanalysis. Isis, 82(2): 266
Freud Civilization and Its Discontents Humankind strives for happiness, but according to Sigmund Freud, the creation of civilization as a means to further this goal has instead generated unhappiness. In his book Civilization and its Discontents, Freud asserts the happiness of the individual is often sublimated to the need for civilization to establish law and order. People have an instinctual desire for absolute freedom which includes a need to be sexually
Freud's invention, 'psychoanalysis', wherein the patient would be encouraged by the doctor to talk freely about his varied memories and dreams and associations and thoughts, which became an important part of the psychiatric treatment of patients suffering from mental illnesses, in later years, was, when first introduced in the Vienna of the end of the century, openly ridiculed. When Freud's 'Interpretation of Dreams' was released, there was a commotion as
Sigmund Freud I have chosen to write my I-search paper about Sigmund Freud, known today as the father of psychoanalysis. He has impacted our society a great deal and this is obvious when you simply open up a psychology textbook. This semester I am taking a psychology course and we talk about him a lot. I have learned, not only through my psychology course, but also through my dad who majored
And moreover, the virtues that had been "automatically" accorded to Freud over the years -- "clinical acumen, wisdom in human affairs, dedication to his patients and to the truth" -- are now obscured by the skepticism that has come due to the deep questioning and investigation over time (Kramer, 1998, pp. 199-200). That skepticism among scholars has also been brought on by a lack of "accord" between what Freud
116). By defining these elements, he constructs a safe model that only applies to his people. Still it was this premise of the potential illness found in the Jewish male that shaped "the discourse of psychoanalysis concerning gender and identity. The next step in his revolutionary study came with defining his style of psychology. He believed in determination as a construct. This was defined; as one's action is causally determined
The personal and scientific environments within which Freud grew up therefore represent his primary influences. A further influence came in the form of physics. The second half of the nineteenth century, during which Freud did most of his important work, saw great advances in physics. According to Thornton, the discovery mostly responsible for this was Helmholz's principle of conservation energy. Helmholz held that the total amount of energy in a