Psychology Identify and Describe Kohlberg's

Psychology Identify and describe Kohlberg's three levels and six stages of moral development. Be sure to explain what is considered the morally right thing to do at each stage. Kohlberg identified three major levels of moral development: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional or autonomous. At the pre-conventional level, children are only motivated to distinguish between right and wrong in order to avoid punishment.

Kohlberg described two possible stages: the "punishment and obedience orientation" and the "instrumental relativist orientation." During the first stage, children are not choosing behaviors out of respect for moral beliefs, but instead to avoid punishment. In the instrumental stage, the child still does not operate according to virtues such as honesty or charity, but rather begins to recognize the importance of fairness and reciprocity in human relations. The conventional level marks a time when the child begins to feel loyalty toward family, friends, groups, his country, etc.

His decisions to do right are based on conformity and loyalty first and foremost. There are two stages at the conventional level: interpersonal concordance and "law and order." Under interpersonal concordance, the child wants to do the right thing because society approves of and rewards "good" people. At the "law and order" stage, the person is concerned with doing his duty, following rules and laws, and respecting authority.

Finally, at the post-conventional level, the person begins to develop his own book of moral guidelines and principles, based partly on personal experiences and beliefs. There are two stages: social-contract legalistic and universal ethical-principle. The social-contract legalistic outlook, the person takes into account personal values, but is mostly concerned with the rights and norms that have been generally agreed upon by religious leaders and lawmakers.

In the final stage, a person operates morally based on their conscience, personal ethical beliefs, and universally agreed upon, abstract concepts of right and wrong, such as "the Golden Rule." 2) Describe the physical, cognitive and social changes that occur in late adulthood. Identify the ways that older adults can cope successfully with these changes. In late adulthood, both men and women experience a reduction in reproductive and other hormones that affect energy, mood, sex drive, ability to focus, and more.

Cognitively, they may begin to lose memory, particularly of sequential events and more recent events, and in some cases begin to develop Alzheimer's or another form of dementia, depending on their overall brain health at that age. Socially, older adults may begin to tire more easily and withdraw from some occupational and leisure activities they used to enjoy. Physical ailments become more common as the body ages, so older adults are more frequently susceptible to illnesses and disabilities.

In order to cope, older people should consult a doctor or therapist for any health or mental health concerns. In addition, they should make an effort to preserve their health with nutritious food and gentle exercise. Social isolation can become a problem for older adults, so making an effort to keep in contact with friends, children, and grandchildren is critical to emotional health.

Retirement itself can lead to feelings of social isolation and a loss of meaning to life; seniors should find new projects and activities to keep active and involved with others in meaningful ways. 3) Identify three general tips for studying for a test. Describe the three steps to overcoming test anxiety. Explain how best to answer an essay question. Studying for a test should involve three basic steps: reading, reviewing, and rewriting. First, make sure you have read all relevant material and create flashcards with key concepts as you do.

Then create more flash cards as you review your notes, tests, quizzes, and homework assignments. Finally, gather your flash cards and some friends and quiz one another, asking questions and sharing information. Overcoming test anxiety can also be achieved in three steps. First, make sure you give yourself enough quiet time to study, and make sure you know how to study properly (see above). Waiting until the last day will make the anxiety much.