Public policy making processes and frameworks

Public Policy Making

It has been said that ideas allow political agents to reduce uncertainty, propose a particular solution to a crisis, and empower agents to resolve crises by constructing new institutions in line with these new ideas. While this statement helps to explain big changes in public policy, there are both strengths and limitations to it. In order to have a better understanding of how ideas are formed that can affect public policy, it is necessary to address how that policy changes and what kinds of ideas are generally considered for laws and regulations. Where those ideas come from and what they have to offer matters a great deal, as well as how those ideas will be received by the public and whether there are serious considerations that might damage the political life of an agent putting forth the ideas. Of course, not all ideas make it to law, or even to the ears of the citizens.

Some of the ideas are used as springboards for other ideas, and those eventually become plans to reduce uncertainty, propose solutions to crises, and employ agents to find ways to resolve crises that have either already occurred or may occur in the future. Not every idea that an agent comes across is used for a law or regulation, either. Some are held until they are needed at a later date, or until there is reason to use them. Some do not move forward at all, and are discarded because they are not viable or not workable based on money, time, or public opinion. When creating public policy, there are many factors to consider, and the right ideas at the right time are of the utmost importance to those who will have to learn about and abide by the new policies.

Explanations for Public Policy Changes

There are many different reasons why public policy changes. The ideas that are brought to the table are one of the main factors, but knowing where those ideas come from and how they are created and utilized is something that many people do not take the time to think about. The majority of citizens may not even completely understand the issue of public policy and how much value it brings to society (Audretsch, Gilbert, & McDougall, 2004). However, there is a needed structure to how the government operates, both on large and small levels. It is also very important to make sure that the rights of citizens are protected and the responsibilities of those citizens are enforced (Audretsch, Grilo, & Thurik, 2007; Sharma & Sharma, 2000). Public policy handles all of those things, and ensures that things operate smoothly. However, that does not mean that public policy is always the same or that there is no need for change. As policy is enforced, there are discrepancies between one policy and another, and there are difficulties with various policies, too (Blyth, 2002; Boix, 2003).

Many policies sound good on paper, and should work well in theory, but they do not work well in practice (Kingdon, 1994; Losco, 2010). When that becomes a problem, the policies have to be changed. Sometimes, lawmakers will work to enact change (Cohen, 2012). Other times, citizens who are being affected by the policies must enact their own changes through the re-election or non-election of politicians in order to see laws repealed or changed (Cohen, 2012). This is not always easy, and it can take a lot of time for real changes to be made. Still, coming up with new and creative ideas is one of the ways that public policy gets changed. People find that they are not happy with the status quo, so they seek to make changes that will make life better for everyone involved (Newton & Van Deth, 2005). Often they are thinking of themselves, but they also spend time thinking of others and what is needed to ensure that other people are cared for properly. While it is often argued that political agents do not care about those they represent, this is generally not the case.

For example, when a political agent sees that a policy is not working for a large group of citizens, it is prudent that the political agent focuses on ways that the policy can be changed (Schmidt, Bardes, & Shelley, 2011). This can be difficult, because there are going to be people who prefer the policy the way it is and who are benefitting from it without changes. Changing the policy will cause benefits to some, but can also cause others to lose the benefits they already have (Audretsch, Gilbert, & McDougall, 2004; Sharma & Sharma, 2000). Naturally, this is an issue that is difficult to resolve and on which there are many disagreements. The majority vs. The minority is also a public policy concern, because the minority groups in a community may feel as though they are being discriminated against, and that the public policies that are enforced in a community are only benefitting the majority (Kingdon, 1994; Sharma & Sharma, 2000). Whether that is true or only a misperception depends on the law and the groups, of course. Some public policies have been changed when they have been clearly shown to harm the minority groups in a community, but most laws evolve more slowly and are not changed from one law to another rapidly.

Strengths of Public Policy Ideas

Coming up with ideas for public policy is not complex, but getting those ideas from the initial stage to an actual policy can be difficult (Schmidt, Bardes, & Shelley, 2011). It is not just the "red tape" that the idea must go through and the approval that is needed, but the quality of the idea itself that has to be addressed. In other words, public policy ideas can have problems that have to be addressed before they can move forward. However, there are many strengths to them, as well. For example, when someone comes up with an idea for a change to (or creation of) a public policy, the main reason is usually a desire to help others. Public policy that is focused on providing something of value for the less fortunate is highly significant, and can be very important. In order to try to get these policies created and utilized, a cause is needed (Audretsch, Gilbert, & McDougall, 2004; Losco, 2010).

People have to be able to relate to the issue and see why the policy would make a difference (Boix, 2003). If there is a public policy idea that can provide that kind of information and emotion to citizens, it is generally a strong one. That does not mean that having that kind of strength is enough, however. There is more to the issue than that, and there is much more to creating a policy than just finding people who think it is a good idea (Audretsch, Gilbert, & McDougall, 2004). For every person in a community that thinks an idea is a good one, there will be a person who does not think the idea has merit, or who thinks it will be a problem instead of a solution. Because of that, an idea must be strong and must be able to sway a majority of voters who can determine if the idea should become public policy. Tactics used to do that vary, too, and some are nicer than others (Audretsch, Gilbert, & McDougall, 2004; Audretsch, Grilo, & Thurik, 2007).

If the policy is a strong one, the tactics used may not matter as much as the changes the actual policy will make. The problem comes in when the policy is weak but a group is trying to push the policy through for their own agenda. When that is the plan, the policy often fails because of the manner in which it is designed (Sharma & Sharma, 2000). Public policies that are strong will generally prevail, however, because they offer real change and value for a large number of people in the community (Cohen, 2012). Ideas that have merit are often focused on public programs to help underprivileged groups like the elderly and the impoverished, along with children. That is not to say there are no other problems in the community, but only that certain groups have stronger public policies geared toward them because they are traditionally the groups that struggle (Audretsch, Gilbert, & McDougall, 2004). Minorities are often included in new public policy ideas for that same reason. Some politicians only want to make themselves look good by making it appear that they are helping others, but many are dedicated to taking the ideas of the community and turning them into opportunities to provide new and better policies to everyone.

Limitations of Public Policy Ideas

Ideas that are designed to offer help and support to the citizens of a community seem like a great idea. However, there are many limitations that are seen when it comes to the public policy ideas that are generated and the value they have (Newton & Van Deth, 2005). The first limitation is the perceived value of an idea for a public policy creation or change. In other words, if the community (or at least a large portion of it) does not see the value of the idea there is very little chance that the idea will become public policy - even if it could have helped a large number of people (Audretsch, Gilbert, & McDougall, 2004). While that is not the only limitation of ideas for public policy, it is one of the strongest. In order for the policy to be modified or created, the idea to do so must get off the ground and have support behind it. That support has to come from the community and also from the political agents who are entrusted with representing the people in that community (Cohen, 2012).

Another way the policy idea can be limited is through a lack of funding. All policy creation takes money along with time and effort. If there are no funds to enact or carry out the public policy, it will not be created and no one will benefit from it (Audretsch, Grilo, & Thurik, 2007; Blyth, 2002). There are many ways in which funding for a public policy desire can be collected, depending on the policy itself and the interest of the people in the community. Some policy ideas are very simple and easy to handle, and other policy ideas require thousands or even millions of dollars, along with long periods of time to construct new facilities or design other avenues for the community (Audretsch, Gilbert, & McDougall, 2004; Losco, 2010; Newton & Van Deth, 2005). Ideas for public policy are limited not just by the ideas themselves, but by the desire of the public to put those ideas into action. In that context, much of whether an idea becomes public policy is related to how that idea is marketed to those who are able to make such decisions (Audretsch, Gilbert, & McDougall, 2004).

For people who care about others, public policy is a serious issue. The limitations that are placed on the ideas that can change and create public policy are significant, because they can hold back change that is strongly needed in certain communities (Schmidt, Bardes, & Shelley, 2011; Sharma & Sharma, 2000). Not all ideas are a good choice, however. Some are targeted toward special interest groups and those who feel as though they are entitled so something. These ideas, if turned into policy, fail to help those who really need it and instead focus on those who already have much or all of what they need and want - and sometimes those who have these things in abundance (Audretsch, Gilbert, & McDougall, 2004). Overall, the main limitation of ideas for public policy is that some of the individuals who suggest those ideas are interested only in what they can get for themselves and not what they can offer to other people who need assistance (Audretsch, Gilbert, & McDougall, 2004; Losco, 2010; Schmidt, Bardes, & Shelley, 2011). When personal interests are fostered above and beyond the needs of the community, all related public policy ideas suffer.

Conclusion

Public policy ideas can be good or bad, strong or weak, and they can be highly valuable or not actually offer much to society. The differences come from the ideas, but also from the way people perceive those ideas and what they feel the creators of the ideas can do for them. If an idea has merit, it moves forward and gains support. However, even some ideas that do have merit do not move forward or get the support they need because they are not seen as valuable enough to the right sectors of society. Helping people is part of what public policy does, but there is not time or money to help everyone who actually needs it. While unfortunate, that is the way of the world. The best public policy ideas are those that address the largest number of people and provide them with the highest degree of help or assistance. Public policies that do not offer that kind of support often fall by the wayside, or they are changed and adjusted at a later date because they are not successful.

With the strengths and limitations of various public policy ideas, there are many ways in which they can move forward to the point of being enacted. Once the policies are part of the law of the community, they can be repealed or changed if they are not found to be effective. This occurs with some policies, because they do not provide the level of care of a specific group of citizens that was anticipated when they were created. For these policies, the strengths were overestimated and the weaknesses did not come out properly until the policies were already enacted and in use. Trial and error is not the best choice for public policy, but sometimes it is necessary in order to ensure that the policies are as concise and appropriate as possible. This is why new ideas are always being addressed for public policy, so that important changes can be made as needed.

References

Audretsch, D.A., Gilbert, B.A., & McDougall, P.P. (2004). The emergence of entrepreneurship policy. Small Business Economics, 22.

Audretsch, D.B., Grilo, I., & Thurik, a.R. (2007). Explaining entrepreneurship and the role of policy: a framework, in: David Audretsch, Isabel Grilo and a. Roy Thurik (eds.), Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurship Policy. New York, NY: Edward Elgar Publishing

Blyth, M. (2002). Great transformations: Economic ideas and institutional change in the twentieth century. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Boix, C. (2003). Democracy and redistribution. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Cohen, N. (2012) Policy entrepreneurs and the design of public policy: Conceptual framework and the case of the National Health Insurance Law in Israel. Journal of Social Research & Policy, 3 (1): 5-26.

Kingdon, J.W. (1994) Agendas, alternatives & public policies. New York, NY: Longman Higher Education.

Losco, Joseph (2010). AmGov. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Newton, K. & Van Deth, J.W. (2005). Foundations of comparative politics. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Schmidt, B.A., Bardes, M.C., & Shelley, S.W. (2011). American Government and Politics Today: The Essentials (2011 -- 2012 Student ed.). Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

Sharma, U. & Sharma, S.K. (2000). Forms of government. In Principles and Theory of Political Science. New York, NY: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors.