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Finally, the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca is quite unique but still has parallels in both Judaism and Christianity. For example, many Catholics flock to the Vatican for Easter or for local churches and cathedrals throughout Europe for their historical meaning or for their connection with certain saints. Similarly, many Jews feel that they must visit Israel at least once in their lifetime, just as the Muslims believe it is their duty to visit Mecca.
8. Medieval Islam and Christianity demonstrate remarkable parallels. Although Muslim scholars developed a more advanced system of mathematics than the Catholics did, and their academic sophistication can be easily said to trump that of the Catholic Church, the two religions both exuded political and military might. Their tolerance of other religions was weak, although the Moors in Spain did permit admirable leeway for the Jews when the Jews would have been more severely persecuted...
Their standards for wartime decorum were similar, as both religions engaged in significant and historical crusades to force conversions.
9. I have both been to a mosque and have personally interacted with Muslim men and women. Mosques can be sublime places, especially old ones in Turkey and the Middle East. The call to prayer five times a day, broadcasted over sub-standard sound systems, evokes piety no matter what one's religious background. One of the most notable features of Islam is its thorough absence of anthropomorphic imagery, similar to Judaism. Muslims also prostrate themselves, and the physical imagery is a poignant reminder of the absolute devotion many practitioners feel toward their religion. The only problem that I have and others have is the stark dichotomy between males and females in the Muslim faith and the fact that women are not permitted in the inner sanctum of most mosques.
Protestant Reformation Calvin vs. Luther John Calvin and Martin Luther while both proponents of reform in the Catholic church, held distinctly different views of religious doctrine that profoundly influenced the religious landscape during the 16th century and encouraged citizens to take charge of their spirituality and salvation. Both religious leaders helped shape and influence the Reformation and formed the foundation for Episcopalian and Presbyterian beliefs today. The Protestant Reformation is often considered
Protestant Reformation occurred as a reaction to the increasing encroachment of the Catholic Church on the political, social, and economic affairs of Europeans. Although the Protestant Reformation had a strong theological and doctrinal component, it would evolve into a major turning point in history that transcended religion. The Protestant Reformation was essentially a protest made in order to reform the heart of Christianity. It began when Martin Luther nailed 95 theses,
Documents 8 and 9 show how gender roles and norms were shifting towards a more egalitarian society. However, the Reformation also meant targeting the Jews as scapegoats. Twenty years after Martin Luther wrote "That Jesus was Born a Jew," he wrote one of the most significant anti-Semitic texts in the history of Europe. "Concerning the Jews and their Lies" (Document 14) calls for the mass burning of synagogues, death
" (Bernard, 333). Such statements seem to be explicit justifications for the stripping of the monasteries; they imply that Henry was not a pawn to the policies instituted by Cromwell but, instead, he found his own obscure religious beliefs to be one of the major contributors to decisions regarding the new Church of England. Bernard also argues that rather than wholly rejecting both Catholicism and Lutheranism, Henry VIII wished to reinstitute
Double Blind of the Protestant Reformation: The Birth of Fundamentalism and the Necessity of Pluralism" presents a useful and interesting argument. This article appears in the Journal of Church and State, a periodical directed at those affiliated with religious and political issues. Howard's thiesis, at first glance is slightly confusing but as it becomes more clear as the article progresses. Howard argues" that the movement of authority from the sacred
92). Pope Innocent X lamented the procedure, of course -- for it served to subvert the truths which the Roman Church strove to propagate. Thus, the modern world was built not upon the majesty of kings and religion, but upon treaties and revolutionary ideals. The philosophical fruit of Protestantism would spring up in the age of Romantic/Enlightenment doctrine, which would produce the American and French Revolutions. "Liberty, equality, fraternity" would