Social Learning Theory Children with ADHD

· Your Topic of Research

Social Learning Theory with Children with ADHD

· Current APA Reference

Bendura, A. (1971). Social Learning Theory [Ebook]. New York: General Learning Press. Retrieved from http://www.asecib.ase.ro/mps/Bandura_SocialLearningTheory.pdf

· In 5–10 sentences, summarize the theory.

Social learning theory holds that reward and punishment mechanisms are not the only learning strategies for children but developing complex social interactions affects behavior, impulses, and beliefs.

Bandura (2012) argues that behavior and personality are not established at infancy or dictated by their genetic makeup but are developed gradually through a continuous learning with the immediate environment.

The individuals dictate the environment the child finds similar to themselves, such as family or media characters, and how they respond to its behavior.

Behaviors in reaction to the child’s behavior by the family or primary carers are reinforced, or not, through reinforcement or punishment.

Notably, reinforcement can be internal or external; a child continuously seeks approval, if they find that approval within themselves, internal reinforcement, or from other individuals, external reinforcement affects their behavior.

Children also learn what to do from watching the consequences of similar actions on other individuals.

A child identifies an individual who becomes a model of their behavior; they adopt the model’s beliefs, values, behaviors, and attitudes.

· Identify the constructs that keep reappearing. List them and define them. Constructs

are the broad topics being discussed, often abstract ideas, that are important to understand the issue being researched but might not be easily defined or observed.

The theory is predicated on observational learning, where a child’s cognitive functions are engaged to decide if new responses are acquired.

This meditative process and Bendura (2012) hold that these four processes are core: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.

Imitation. Individuals need to pay attention to other people’s behaviors and consequences to form a mental representation.

Retention. Retention refers to how well a behavior observed is remembered to be performed after that.

Reproduction. The ability to perform the behavior demonstrated by a model is predicated on an individual’s abilities. Physical or cognitive abilities allow or limit the type of behavior that an observer reproduces.

Motivation. The willingness to perform a behavior is determined by the perceived consequences, such as the accrued punishment or reward. If the rewards, reinforcement internal or external, outweighs the costs, punishment, then the behavior is likely to be imitated, and not imitated, if the costs outweigh the rewards

· Identify the primary theorist(s). List them.

Albert Bandura – 1971.

· Identify where this theory originated.

The social learning theory emerged from Bendura’s 1961, illustrating how observational learning occurs.

The experiment led to learning that parents within the family, characters on children’s TV, friends within their peer group, and teachers at school influence a child’s behavior, notwithstanding the gender of the model.

· Quotes

Bandura (1971, p.3) “because of man’s anticipatory capacity, conditions of reinforcement also have strong inventive-motivation effects.”

· Ideas: Identify what role this article might play in your dissertation.

Social learning theory is predicated on paying attention to the model’s behavior to acquire desirable traits. There are two core concepts, meditation and observational learning, pertinent to the theory. The interventions adopted from this theory will involve influencing positive behaviors through alteration of the reinforcement, such as symbolic coding, stress management, and vicarious enforcement.

Since ADHD interferes with social learning, the interventions employed will take a proactive approach to improve the internalized approval of the child.

· New References to Examine

Cilliers, E. (2021). Reflecting on Social Learning Tools to Enhance the Teaching-Learning Experience of Generation Z Learners. Frontiers In Education, 5. DOI: 10.3389/feduc.2020.606533

Theory Review Form #2

· Current APA Reference

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-ef?cacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191

· In 5–10 sentences, summarize the theory.

Self-efficacy is an individual’s set of beliefs of their capability to exercise control of their functions and over events that impact their lives, motivation, individual accomplishments, and well-being.

This belief in oneself is developed from four sources of influence: mastery experience, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and emotional arousal.

The mastery experience results from the repeated success that lowers the impact of negative performance. In such a case, self-motivation, persistence, and persistence help the individual overcome obstacles to success.

Vicarious experiences are critical in developing the belief that an individual performs as well as the models. Thus, having a vicarious experience offers a disinhibiting impact on the modeling experience by observing others overcome similar challenges.

Verbal persuasion by receiving positive feedback while undertaking a complex task persuades the individual to believe that they can develop the skills and capabilities to be successful.

Emotional arousal refers to the emotional, physiological, and physical well-being of an individual and how they feel about their abilities in particular situations.

Self-efficacy theory holds that self-determination and perseverance help one overcome obstacles that would otherwise interfere with utilizing their innate abilities to accomplish desired goals.

· Identify the constructs that keep reappearing. List them and define them. Constructs are the broad topics being discussed, often abstract ideas, that are important to understand the issue being researched but might not be easily defined or observed.

The ideals held by Bundura (1977) in the self-efficacy theory mirror the ideals in social learning theory Bundura (1971), although with an approach towards the development of self-efficacy.

Reproduction. The development of self-efficacy requires participation by an individual among their peers since it encourages an individual to be active, engaged, and show their strong personality qualities.

Motivation. Verbal persuasion highlights where an individual is doing well and brings attention to areas that need improvement, which offers learners strategies that they are capable of success.

Peer Modeling/ Imitation. A role model and interacting with them to develop a skill offers a vicarious learning environment. However, the efficacy of peer modeling is predicated on associating with peers who display positive behavior. Reproduction of such behaviors increases an individual’s self-efficacy towards realizing the desired goal.

· Identify the primary theorist(s). List them.

Andrea Bundera (1977).

· Identify where this theory originated.

The self-efficacy theory emerges from Bandura’s social cognitive theory that emphasizes the role of observational learning and social experiences in personality development. The proposition that the evaluation of responses and the appropriate behaviors in different settings result in a behavior change is derived from Dalany, D. E. (1968) “Awareness, Rules, and Propositional control: A confrontation with S-R behavior theory.”

Bandura experimented to determine derivations of social learning analysis in change.

· Quotes

Bandura (1977, p.192), “changes in behavior are produced by stimuli that can either signify events to come or indicate probable responses to consequences have also been shown to rely heavily on the cognitive representations of contingencies.”

· Ideas: Identify what role this article play might play in your dissertation.

Guardians of a child diagnosed with ADHD should not only correct behavior but should take it upon themselves to model behaviors through training basic skills and developing self-efficacy through peer modeling, participation, and giving their children feedback.

· New References to Examine

Bandura, A. (2012). On the Functional Properties of Perceived Self-Efficacy Revisited. Journal Of Management, 38(1), 9-44. DOI: 10.1177/0149206311410606

Theory Review Form #3

· Current APA Reference

Bandura, A. (1989). Social cognitive theory. In R. Vasta (Ed. I, Annals of child development. Vol. 6. Six theories of child development (pp. 1-60). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

· In 5–10 sentences, summarize the theory.

Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). SCT is predicated on the social learning theory that holds that the experiences, actions of others, and environmental factors impact an individual’s behavior.

The theory is predicated on the idea that learning is affected by behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors and that human beings have the agency to control their behaviors.

Human agency, in theory, holds that the learners intentionally decide to invest in learning and enact behavior changes.

Self-regulation is core for an individual’s ability to generate and control feelings, thoughts, and actions, which are cyclically adapted to achieve personal goals.

Self-regulation is realized through judgment subfunction, self-reflective influences, and self-monitoring.

Self-efficacy surfaces as a core factor towards developing agencies to realize their goals.

· Identify the constructs that keep reappearing. List them and define them. Constructs are the broad topics being discussed, often abstract ideas, that are important to understand the issue being researched but might not be easily defined or observed.

Repetition. The Repetition of actions results in a change of behavior.

Self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is the ability of an individual to motivate themselves and make the appropriate change towards the realization of personal goals.

Reinforcement. Reinforcements are either internal or external responses to an individual’s behavior that influence the continuity or discontinuity of behavior.

Expectations. Individuals must make it intentional and regulate their emotions, thoughts, and actions accordingly to meet their expectations.

· Identify the primary theorist(s). List them.

Bandura, A. (1989).

· Identify where this theory originated.

The social cognitive theory emerged from the social learning theory and holds that learning occurs in a social setting through reciprocal interaction, behavior, and environment. Unlike the social learning theory, SCT posits that individuals acquire and retain behavior depending on unique ways an individual acquires and maintains behavior.

· Quotes

“Development is not a monolithic process.

Human capabilities vary in their psychobiologic origins and the experiential conditions

needed to enhance and sustain them (Bandura, 1989, p.2)”.

· Ideas: Identify what role this article play might play in your dissertation.

The social cognitive theory holds that individuals have prerequisite abilities that require unique experiential conditioning to enhance or help them maintain new behavior. Thus, the SCT will be employed to examine how to create an environment suitable to implement the Interventions with the children diagnosed with ADHD.