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Oddly, some dementia caused by syphilis is preceded by a phase of mania and euphoria in which patients feel excitable and "high," often with relaxed inhibitions (Hayden, 2003).
In the United States today, syphilis rarely progresses beyond the first or second stage since treatment is widely available. Upon diagnosis, antibiotics such as penicillin or tetracycline are administered; follow-up tests must be performed at three, six, and twelve month intervals to ensure complete removal of the infection. Syphilis is always contagious, particularly in the first and second stages, so all sexual partners should be notified and treated as well. If treated during the primary stage, syphilis is completely curable with no risk of permanent health damage. Unfortunately, initial symptoms may be mild and short-lived, so patients may avoid treatment out of ignorance, embarrassment, or oversight. (Vora, 1963) a vaccine for syphilis is currently under development and the outlook is positive (Cullen & Cameron, 2010).
Despite near elimination ten years ago, syphilis infection rates are once again on the rise, particularly among black males and male to male partners. Since these findings indicate that issues of discrimination, poverty, and homophobia are involved, experts are pushing for government interventions to promote screening and treatment among young men at risk. While syphilis among women saw a surge in the 1980s due to prostitution and cocaine use, female infections rates have been declining for the past several years. However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates an increase of nearly 40% in overall cases of syphilis since 2006. (Bonifield, 2010) in addition, between 2007 and 2009, an outbreak was reported among Native Americans in Arizona; 106 cases are documented from those years, including six cases of congenital syphilis. (Johnson, Urquidi, & al, 2010) Other outbreaks have been reported in areas of California, Texas, Iowa, Ohio, Massachusetts,...
Clearly the problem is widespread and worsening; the push for a vaccine is gaining urgency.
References
A.D.A.M. (2008, 08-01). Syphilis - Tertiary. Retrieved 11-26, 2010, from health.nytimes.com: http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/syphilis-tertiary/overview.html
Baseman, J., Nichols, J., & Hayes, N. (1976). Virulent Treponema pallidum: aerobe or anaerobe. Infectious Immunity, 704-711.
Bonifield, J. (2010, 11-22). Syphilis infections up; progress made on other STDs. Retrieved 11-24, 2010, from www.cnn.com: http://pagingdrgupta.blogs.cnn.com/2010/11/22/embargo-12p-1122-cdc-progress-on-stds/?iref=allsearch
Cullen, P., & Cameron, C. (2010, 01-10). Progress toward an effective syphilis vaccine: the past, present, and future. Retrieved 11-26, 2010, from www.expert-reviews.com: http://www.expert-reviews.com/doi/abs/10.1586/14760584.5.1.67
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/717625
McMyne, M. (2008, 12-11). The Economy and Neurosyphilis. Retrieved 11-26, 2010, from www.thenervousbreakdown.com: http://www.thenervousbreakdown.com/mmcmyne/2008/12/the-economy-and-neurosyphilis/
NIH, s. (2009, 05-30). Syphilis. Retrieved 11-26, 2010, from www.nlm.nih.gov: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001327.htm
Vora, M. (1963, 03-24). What is V.D. Retrieved 11-26, 2010, from www.stdpioneer.org: http://www.stdpioneer.org/whatisvd.html
These diseases may be aggravated or deteriorated because of indulgence in sexual life as well. In severe cases, indulgence in sexual life even may cause vital crises such as cerebral bleeding and myocardiac infarction. Accordingly, sexual life should be moderated during the daily health care and rehabilitation. In severe cases, sexual life should be stopped for the time being (Syphilis, n.d.). There are several tests that can be used to
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study still remains as one of the most outrageous examples of disregard of basic ethical principles of conduct not to mention violation of standards for ethical research. The suspicion and fear produced by the Tuskegee Syphilis Study are still evident today. Community workers often report mistrust of public health institutions within the African-American community. Recently Alpha Thomas of the Dallas Urban League testified before the National Commission
Tuskegee Syphilis Project In the Tuskegee case, there was a lot of information gained. Most notably, that African-Americans were affected somewhat differently by syphilis than Caucasians, especially when it came to heart problems. Other information collected included how long the people in the study lived when compared to the control group, what they died of, and what kinds of abnormalities they had on their tests. In nearly every case, it was
They should be informed in advance and as thoroughly as possible what the study would be about and how their participation would be used. That consent must be constant from the start to finish of the experiment, study or survey. These studies have their worth to society. They are intended to save lives and promote optimum health. There are risks taken in exchange for the ideal, but the involved
An Ethical DilemmaIntroductionEthics plays a central role in global health, as it helps to guide decisions and actions related to research, interventions, and policies that affect the health of populations around the world. One of the key ethical dimensions of global health research is the principle of informed consent, which requires that research subjects fully understand the nature and purpose of the research and give their voluntary consent to participate.
1847, Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre is structured like a puzzle. The title page reads Jane Eyre: An Autobiography but the work is credited to Currer Bell, an apparently male pseudonym. The author's involvement with the text is therefore signposted from the moment we open the book -- what does it mean for a work to be described as an "autobiography" but ascribed to a different writer? Obviously an autobiography