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Airas, N., Nareaho, A., Linden, J., Tuomola, K., Sukura, A. (2012). The different infectivity of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella nativa in rat does not solely localize to enteral or parenteral phase. Parasitology Research, 111(6): 2281-2288.
Researchers from the Department of Veterinary Biosciences in Helskinki tested the hypothesis that T. spiralis and T. nativa have different life cycle phases in which selective responses take place in different vectors. The study finds that reproduction processes in the two species may explain the difference in rat defense effects. The study supports the findings of Mirjalali et al. (2014) in their conclusion that Trichinella species may reproduce in hosts that are still yet to be fully understood. The study is helpful in highlighting the need to better understand the reproductive processes of T. spiralis in various vectors.
Chmurzynska, E., Rozycki, M., Bilska-Zajac, E. et al. (2013). Trichinella nativa in red
foxes (Vulpes vulpes) of Germany and Poland: possible different origins. Veterinary Parasitology, 198(1-2): 254-257.
The researchers from the National Veterinary Research Institute in Poland and the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment in Germany find that the red fox is high risk to public safety because it is a carrier of Trichinella. The finding of the arctic species T. native in 3 foxes, one of which was also infected with T. spiralis, and 1 fox in Poland has caused concern. This finding shows that T. nativa has spread...
The problem posed by this study is how T. native can survive and colonize in temperate zones. The researchers conclude that the raccoon dog may be responsible as a carrier of T. nativa between the two regions.
Jiang, H., Zhao, N., Zhang, Q. Gao, J. et al. (2016). Intestinal microbes influence the survival, reproduction and protein profile of Trichinella spiralis in vitro. International Journal of Parasitology, 46(1): 51-58.
Researchers from the Laboratory of Zoonosis Research in Changchun, China, and the Laboratory Animal Center in Shenyang, China, examined the impact of microbes found in the human intestine and noted that a protective response to T. spiralis is located in metabolic acceleration. Specifically, the researchers found that microbe alterations affected T. spiralis survival rates in vitro. The study concluded that "some gut bacteria are friendly or harmful to humans and in addition they may have similar beneficial or detrimental effects on parasites" (p. 51). This study is helpful because it locates a potential therapy that may be used in the fight against the spread of parasitic infection of T. spiralis and could be used in conjunction with other studies related to the issue of the spread of Trichinella and various vectors in order to test the impact of these bacteria across species.
Mirjalali, H., Rezaei, S., Pozio, E. et al. (2014). Trichinella britovi in the jackal Canis
aureus from south-west…
Tolnai, Z., Szell, Z. Marucci, G., Pozio, E., Sreter, T. (2014). Environmental
determinants of the spatial distribution of Trichinella britovi and Trichinella spiralis in Hungary. Veterinary Parasitology, 199(3-4): 426-429.
The researchers from the Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases in Rome, Italy, and the Laboratory of Parasitology in Budapest, Hungary, evaluate the impact of the environment on the spread of T. britovi and T. spiralis in Hungary by sampling 3304 red foxes and 290,000 wild boars (2006-2013). They found that 68 foxes and 44 boars were vectors for T. britovi or T. spiralis. The geographic regions in which these foxes and boars roamed was recorded. Zero correlation between environmental ranges and T. spiralis larvae in foxes/boars was found. However, positive correlation existed between region and T. spiralis counts. The researchers concluded that the across the border transmission from neighboring endemic regions impacted the spread of T. spiralis in Hungary among wildlife. The major environmental factors in the spread of T. britovi in Hungary were average temperature over the year (resulting in the less rapid decomposition of animal corpses) and regions that were not agricultural (resulting in scavenging by foxes). This study is helpful because it highlights the spread of Trichinella in Hungary and locates various vectors and environmental determinants in that spread.
Poland throughout its history has periodically disappeared from the face of the map only to re-emerge phoenix-like mainly due to the dogged perseverance and a strong sense of national identity exhibited by the Poles that has transcended prolonged periods of foreign domination. At the start of the First World War in 1914, Poland had been under one of the periodic "partitions" that it has suffered in its tragic history --
While even environmental pollution can be a concern, in terms of worker safety in some areas of Eastern Europe, Poland still has a substantial amount of pristine land. Q4. What are two key factors for success that will be important if this project is to be successful? Key success factors include availing one's self of a cheaper yet skilled labor supply to produce a high-quality product that is still affordable in
NGOs What role played Polish environmental NGOs in the air pollution policy during the transition to the EU? Was their role active? How was the interaction with government structures? Polish environmental NGO's played a significant role in helping to form the air pollution policy during Poland's transition of the European Union. As stated in the literature review NGO's were responsible for bringing the dangers of air pollution to the forefront. As a
Poland is geographically situated in central Europe and is bordered by the Russian Federation and Baltic Sea in the north, Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine in the east, Slovakia to the south, and Czech Republic and Germany in the west. Poland has 70 mountains that reach more than 6,500 feet high, all of which are located in the Tatras, the mountain range that serves as a natural border between Poland and
SEM 416 As XXXX points out from the onset, the attendance of nonviolence is a daily effort. This is to say that nonviolence is not an automatic response, but rather a deliberate and considered course of action. There are numerous nonviolent movements that have been active in the past. In seeking to demonstrate that nonviolence is indeed achievable, it would be prudent to highlight two of these movements. The two movements
Poland Polish Antipathy towards the Soviet Union After the conclusion of the Second World War, the victorious Allies were showered with the spoils of their success in the conflict. The victorious nations - the Soviet Union, United States, Great Britain, and France -- were left to decide what to do with the war ravaged countries that remained throughout Europe and Asia. The major question on the minds of the leaders and politicians