Trichinella Parasites in Boars Jackals and Other Wildlife in Europe

Airas, N., Nareaho, A., Linden, J., Tuomola, K., Sukura, A. (2012). The different infectivity of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella nativa in rat does not solely localize to enteral or parenteral phase. Parasitology Research, 111(6): 2281-2288. Researchers from the Department of Veterinary Biosciences in Helskinki tested the hypothesis that T. spiralis and T. nativa have different life cycle phases in which selective responses take place in different vectors. The study finds that reproduction processes in the two species may explain the difference in rat defense effects.

The study supports the findings of Mirjalali et al. (2014) in their conclusion that Trichinella species may reproduce in hosts that are still yet to be fully understood. The study is helpful in highlighting the need to better understand the reproductive processes of T. spiralis in various vectors. Chmurzynska, E., Rozycki, M., Bilska-Zajac, E. et al. (2013). Trichinella nativa in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) of Germany and Poland: possible different origins. Veterinary Parasitology, 198(1-2): 254-257.

The researchers from the National Veterinary Research Institute in Poland and the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment in Germany find that the red fox is high risk to public safety because it is a carrier of Trichinella. The finding of the arctic species T. native in 3 foxes, one of which was also infected with T. spiralis, and 1 fox in Poland has caused concern. This finding shows that T. nativa has spread beyond its hitherto known distribution region. The problem posed by this study is how T.

native can survive and colonize in temperate zones. The researchers conclude that the raccoon dog may be responsible as a carrier of T. nativa between the two regions. Jiang, H., Zhao, N., Zhang, Q. Gao, J. et al. (2016). Intestinal microbes influence the survival, reproduction and protein profile of Trichinella spiralis in vitro. International Journal of Parasitology, 46(1): 51-58.

Researchers from the Laboratory of Zoonosis Research in Changchun, China, and the Laboratory Animal Center in Shenyang, China, examined the impact of microbes found in the human intestine and noted that a protective response to T. spiralis is located in metabolic acceleration. Specifically, the researchers found that microbe alterations affected T. spiralis survival rates in vitro. The study concluded that "some gut bacteria are friendly or harmful to humans and in addition they may have similar beneficial or detrimental effects on parasites" (p. 51).

This study is helpful because it locates a potential therapy that may be used in the fight against the spread of parasitic infection of T. spiralis and could be used in conjunction with other studies related to the issue of the spread of Trichinella and various vectors in order to test the impact of these bacteria across species. Mirjalali, H., Rezaei, S., Pozio, E. et al. (2014). Trichinella britovi in the jackal Canis aureus from south-west Iran. Journal of Helminthology, 88(4): 385-388.

Researchers from the Department of Medical Parasitology and Mychology in Tehran find that while Trichinella is known to be in Iran (but not to pose a public health risk as Iran is a Muslim nation and Muslims are forbidden to eat pork), Trichinella still circulates among humans. The study poses the question of whether there is another carrier. Researchers examine the carcasses 14 dogs and 18 jackals (road kill) and analyze muscle samples and Trichinella larvae was found in 2 jackals. The species was T. britovi. Researchers conclude that jackals are circulating T.

britovi in Iran and not just pigs. Moskwa, B., Gozdizk, K., Bien, J., Bogdaszewski, M., Cabaj, W. (2012). Molecular identification of Trichinella britovi in martens (Martes martes) and badgers (Meles meles); new host records in Poland. Acta Parasitologica, 57(4): 403-405. Researchers from the Institute of Parasitology of the Polish Academy of Sciences find that Trichinella larvae have been isolate in two martens and one badger in Polgan, both animals examined as carcasses following car crashes. T. britovi was the species and this study serves as the first identification of T.

britovi in either martens or badgers in Poland. This study is helpful because it correlates with the findings of Santrac et al. (2015) and Chmurzynska et al. (2013) that Trichinella species are finding hithertofore unknown carriers. Santrac, V., Nedic, D., Maric, J. et al. (2015). The first report of Trichinella pseudospiralis presence in domestic swine and T. britovi in wild boar in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Acta Parasitologica, 60(3): 471-475.

Researchers of the Veterinary Institute of Bosnia monitor the circulation of Trichinella among domestic and wildlife animals, as an endemic of the parasite rages in the two countries. T. spiralis has been located in domestic pig and T. britovi in wild boar. Prior to this finding T. spiralis has only been documented three times in domestic pigs (Russia, Slovakia, Croatia). T. britovi is most popularly circulated among wild animals in Europe.

This study is helpful in understanding the migration and circulation of Trichinella and supports the findings of Chmurzynska et al. (2013) that species are finding new vectors. Szell, Z., Marucci, G., Pozio, E., Sreter, T. (2013). Echinococcus multilocularis and Trichinella spiralis in golden jackals (Canis aureus) of Hungary. Veterinary Parasitology, 197(1-2): 393-396. Researchers from Hungary's Laboratory of Parasitology and Rome's Department of Infectious diseases find that T. spiralis is carried in two golden jackals in Hungary. This is the first recorded finding of T.

spiralis in jackals in Europe and raises questions about them as carriers as they can migrate long distances and can spread.